. 2015 Feb 11;4:13. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-13

Table 3.

The grid displaying these themes and their relationships between the studies

Author, citation	Study design and broad category	Sample and ethnocultural group	Access to social support	Access/adequacy of prenatal care	Utilisation of prenatal care	Reception/ adequacy of care in hospital	Reception/adequacy of care – post- partum	Access to appropriate information	Barriers—prenatal	Barriers— postnatal	Postpartum health—mom (not mental health)	Baby health	Postpartum mental health	Breast feeding and other child care problems/success related to access
		Total	7	8	11	12	16	12	7	9	7	3	7	5
Quantitative research papers
Kingston, JOGC, 2011 [55]	1. Secondary analysis of MES	1. Stratified random, 6,421 drawn from sampling frame	x		x	x	x	x			x		x
Kingston, JOGC, 2011 [55]	2. Maternity experiences	2. All but limited language (no Hindi or Punjabi)	x		x	x	x	x			x		x
Brar, JOGC, 2009 [52]	1. Exploratory matched—sample survey	1. 30 immigrant, 30 Canadian		x	x	x		x	x
Brar, JOGC, 2009 [52]	2. Experiences—use of perinatal services	2. South Asian		x	x	x		x	x
Sword, JOGNN, 2006 [69]	1. Cross-sectional survey	1. 1,250 with 30% immigrants	x				x	x		x
Sword, JOGNN, 2006 [69]	2. Experiences and outcomes. Postpartum health, service needs, access and use	2. All but English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages	x				x	x		x
Katz, CJNR, 2002 [63]	1. Retrospective cross-sectional hospital and community records review	1. 20 immigrant breastfeeding women with health or social concerns 2.9 countries	x			x	x	x			x	x	x	x
Katz, CJNR, 2002 [63]	2. Experiences and outcomes. Adequacy of postpartum care to 2 months		x			x	x	x			x	x	x	x
Minde, JAACAP, 2001 [68]	1. Cross-sectional observational	1. 45 mother-infant pairs in Montreal with 45% immigrants					x				x (Psychosocial status more than maternal outcomes per se)		x
Minde, JAACAP, 2001 [68]	2. Experiences and outcomes. Nurse and physician adequacy of interviews	2. All, with English and French languages.					x				x (Psychosocial status more than maternal outcomes per se)		x
Gagnon, Am J Ob Gyn, 1997 [35]	1.RCT	1. 54 treatment and 100 control				x	x					x		x
Gagnon, Am J Ob Gyn, 1997 [35]	2. Outcomes and experiences. Early postpartum discharge programme	2. Only 35 recent immigrants, had to speak English, French or Spanish				x	x					x		x
Gagnon, CJPH, 2007 [30]	1. Matched cohort study with in-hospital questionnaire and data collected and in-person visits to home	1. 341 pairs of women from 10 hospitals					x			x	x		x
Gagnon, CJPH, 2007 [30]	2. Experiences and outcomes. Unaddressed concerns in postpartum period (7–10 days after discharge)	2. if spoke 1 of 13 languages [Arabic, Dari/Persian, English, French, Mandarin/Cantonese (oral; ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ Chinese written), Punjabi, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Somali, Spanish, Tamil and Urdu					x			x	x		x
Poole, J Social Psychol, 1995 [57]	1. 2 observational studies with Euro and Indo-Canadian women in early postpartum period whilst in hospital	1. 27 and 24 and 33 and 24 Euro versus Indo-Canadian women			x	x
Poole, J Social Psychol, 1995 [57]	2. Experiences in hospital	2. Euro- and Indo-Canadians. Euro-Canadians all born in Canada and Indo-Canadians all born in India			x	x
Chalmers, Birth, 2000 [53]	1. Survey study of Somalian women who had experienced FGM	1. 432 recruited within greater Toronto area in community and through snowball			x	x								x
Chalmers, Birth, 2000 [53]	2. Perinatal experiences although some outcomes	2. Somalian			x	x								x
Loiselle, CJNR, 2001 [56]	1. Cross-sectional survey study using telephone questionnaires at 3 weeks postpartum	1. 108 women with 69 being born outside Canada and 50% immigrants new <5 years, all living in Montreal			x	x	x	x
Loiselle, CJNR, 2001 [56]	2. Experiences related to breastfeeding support	2. 30 countries but most prevalent countries being Philippines, Romania, Sri Lanka and Vietnam			x	x	x	x
Chalmers, J Reprod Infant Psych, 2002 [65]	1. Mixed method study with closed and open-ended questionnaire. Report is based on open-ended questions which used ‘descriptive content analysis approach with quantitative methodologies’	1. 432 women of Somalian origin recruited from community sites and through snow balling				x
Chalmers, J Reprod Infant Psych, 2002 [65]	2. Experiences	2. Somalian				x
Stewart, Can J Psych, 2008 [58]	1. Quantitative cross-sectional survey study with some collection from records.	1. Consecutive sample of 277 women in 4 groups recruited in 10 hospitals in Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto.											x
Stewart, Can J Psych, 2008 [58]	2. Outcomes via access	2. All with questionnaire translated into 13 languages											x
Wallace, Calgary Health Region, 2002 [59]	1. A survey study with questionnaire in hospital and approximately 2 weeks later	1. Convenience sample of 65 non-English-speaking women. Almost 60% moved to Canada within last 7 years; 22.4% within last 2 years.		x	x	x		x	x
Wallace, Calgary Health Region, 2002 [59]	2. Experiences	2. 12 ethnicities represented with largest groups being South Asian (44.6%), West Asian/Arab (18.5%) and Chinese (12.3%).		x	x	x		x	x
Jarvis, JOGC, 2011 [54]	1. Quantitative retrospective case comparison study was performed using medical charts	1. 71 uninsured women and 72 insured women presenting for prenatal care between 2004 and 2007 to 2 family practice centres in Montreal		x	x				x			x
Jarvis, JOGC, 2011 [54]	2. Experiences (prenatal) and birth outcomes	2. All		x	x				x			x
Qualitative research papers
Ahmed, Arch Women’s Ment Health, 2008 [70]	1. Qualitative study using semi-structured telephone interviews 12–15 months after birth	1. 10 women, who scored 10 or over on EPDS at 2–3 week postnatal visit -Refugee, asylum seeking, non-refugee, and immigrants living in Toronto for less than 5 years	x				x	x		x
Ahmed, Arch Women’s Ment Health, 2008 [70]	2. Experiences	2. 2 women had emigrated from China, 2 from India, 1 from Pakistan, 3 from South America, 1 from Egypt and 1 from Haiti.	x				x	x		x
Ardal, Neonatal Networks, 2011	1. Exploratory, qualitative design based on grounded theory	1. Convenience. 8 non-English speaking mothers recruited from a Canadian NICU who had given birth to VLBW infants					x	x
Ardal, Neonatal Networks, 2011	2. Experiences	2. Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese and Tamil					x	x
Gagnon, Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 2010 [29]	1. Qualitative with individual and group interviews	1. 25 women were a combination of asylum seekers, non-refugee immigrants, refugees and Canadian born (n = 1)					x			x	x
Gagnon, Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 2010 [29]	1. Experiences	2. 16 different countries					x			x	x
Grewal, JOGNN, 2008 [18]	1. Naturalistic, descriptive. Individual interviews with mothers. Focus group undertaken with Punjabi healthcare professionals to affirm results and offer recommendations.	1. 15 first time mothers, immigrated to Canada within the last 5 years from Punjab, given birth to a healthy infant in the last 3 months. Recruited from large BC hospital. 5 healthcare professionals were also recruited and took part in a focus group.		x	x	x	x		x
Grewal, JOGNN, 2008 [18]	2. Experiences—the interaction with the Canadian healthcare system during the perinatal period	2. Punjabi women		x	x	x	x		x
Merry, Qual Res, 2011 [71]	1. Subproject of prospective cohort study, with qualitative analysis of notes made by nurses and care diaries of women about refugee and newcomers’ services received	1. 112 research records of refugee women, who have been in Canada 5 or less years, claiming to have 3 or more unaddressed concerns, at either 2 weeks or 4 months post-birth, were reviewed (51 Montreal; 61 Toronto). Recruitment at 12 hospitals.	x				x	x		x	x		x
Merry, Qual Res, 2011 [71]	2. Experiences and outcomes postpartum	2. Montreal participants were mainly from Nigeria, Mexico and India; Toronto participants were from Nigeria, Mexico, Colombia and St. Vincent	x				x	x		x	x		x
Morrow, Health Care Women Inter, 2008 [64]	1. Ethnographic narrative approach	1. 18 first-generation immigrant women (but most not newly immigrated), first language not English (Punjabi speaking, Cantonese speaking and Mandarin speaking), 1 year postpartum, either diagnosis of postpartum, or self-identified as having depression, post-birth.	x	x			x	x		x			x
Morrow, Health Care Women Inter, 2008 [64]	2. Experiences postpartum (supports sought)		x	x			x	x		x			x
Reitmanova, Matern Health Child J, 2008 [24]	1. Qualitative with in-depth interviews	1. 6 immigrant Muslim women in Newfoundland, born in 5 countries	x	x	x	x	x	x	x (in hospital)
Reitmanova, Matern Health Child J, 2008 [24]	2. Experiences—healthcare needs and barriers	2. Just reference to religion and ‘5 countries’	x	x	x	x	x	x	x (in hospital)
Spitzer, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2004 [66]	1. Qualitative with individual and focus group interviews (not defined by number)	1. 19 new mothers who had given birth in 1 of 3 participating community centres or hospitals; also 11 obstetrical nurses were also interviewed about their experiences working with visible minority women				x			x (and in hospital)
Spitzer, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2004 [66]	2. Experiences in hospital	2. South Asian and Vietnamese (also First Nations)				x			x (and in hospital)
Sutton, Can J Diet Pract Res, 2007 [60]	1. Qualitative study with in-depth, semi-structured interviews	1. Heterogeneous sample of 11 (10 immigrant) Vietnamese mothers, whose children are under 2 years old		x	x		x	x	x	x				x
Sutton, Can J Diet Pract Res, 2007 [60]	2. Experiences with breastfeeding and needs for maternity services	2. Vietnamese		x	x		x	x	x	x				x
Wiebe, J Transcult Nurs, 2011 [67]	1. Exploratory qualitative approach, grounded in an emic perspective, using open, non-directed interviews as much as possible	1. 21 families (13 immigrant and 6 Aboriginal) with infant in NICU	x			x				x (in hospital postnatal)
Wiebe, J Transcult Nurs, 2011 [67]	2. Experiences in a NICU	2. Several but largest African, Vietnamese and Eastern European	x			x				x (in hospital postnatal)