Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of 136 patients according to preserved and impaired GLS
| Preserved GLS | Impaired GLS | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (GLS ≤ −16 %) | (GLS > −16 %) | ||
| N = 106 | N = 30 | ||
| Traditional risk factors | |||
| Age (years) | 58.9 ± 10.1 | 61.1 ± 8.3 | 0.3 |
| Male (%) | 58(55) | 21(70) | 0.1 |
| Current or previous smoker (%) | 70(66) | 20(67) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 38(36) | 20(67) | 0.003 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 7.9 ± 3.9 | 0.04 |
| Hypertension (%) | 102(96) | 27(90) | 0.1 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 70(67) | 22(73) | 0.7 |
| -Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 0.3 |
| -LDL (mmol/L) | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 0.4 |
| Previous CV events (%) | 40(37.7) | 14(46.7) | 0.3 |
| History of HF (%) | 2(1.9) | 3(10) | 0.07 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 32.4 ± 6.4 | 35.8 ± 6.2 | 0.008 |
| Normal: BMI <25 | 6(5.7) | 0(0) | 0.03 |
| Overweight: 25 ≤ BMI < 30 (%) | 33(31) | 5(17) | |
| Class 1 Obesity: 30 ≤ BMI < 35 (%) | 39(37) | 9(30) | |
| Class II and III: Obesity BMI ≥ 35 (%) | 28(26) | 16(53) | |
| Blood Pressure (BP)(mmHg) | |||
| Systolic BP | 137 ± 19 | 142 ± 27 | 0.3 |
| Diastolic BP | 81 ± 11 | 82 ± 14 | 0.7 |
| Inducible Ischemia on ESE (%) | 6(6) | 5(17) | 0.05 |
| CKD related risk factors | |||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 44.3 ± 10.1 | 44.4 ± 10.4 | 0.9 |
| Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (g/mol) | 39(11–100) | 19(14–88) | 0.9 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.3(1.4-6.8) | 4.4(2.4-7.3) | 0.2 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37.6 ± 3.6 | 37.4 ± 4.7 | 0.8 |
| Urate (mmol/L) | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 132 ± 15 | 131 ± 16 | 0.9 |
| Corrected calcium (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.1 | 2.33 ± 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.11 ± 0.17 | 1.15 ± 0.16 | 0.2 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 8(6–13) | 12(7–16) | 0.2 |
| Free indoxyl sulphate (μmol/L) | 0.31(0.22-0.50) | 0.37(0.30-0.51) | 0.07 |
| Free P-cresyl sulphate (μmol/L) | 1.38(0.71-2.14) | 1.90(1.43-2.61) | 0.01 |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 9.0(7.3-10.7) | 10.4(9.1-13) | 0.03 |
| Medication | |||
| ACEi/ARB (%) | 88(84.6) | 26(89.7) | 0.5 |
| Βeta blockers (%) | 41(39.4) | 11(37.9) | 0.9 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 49(47) | 15(51.7) | 0.7 |
| Diuretics (%) | 39(38.7) | 14(48.3) | 0.4 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or number (%)
GLS; global longitudinal strain, LDL; low density lipoprotein, CV; cardiovascular, HF; heart failure, CKD; chronic kidney disease, eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP; C-reactive protein, PTH; parathyroid hormone, ACEi; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB; angiotensin receptor blocker, ESE; exercise stress echocardiogram