Table 3.
Bivariate and Multivariate association with Global Longitudinal Strain
| Variable | Bivariate Analysis | Multivariate Model (R2 = 0.30, n = 114 p < 0.0001) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | #Â coefficient (95 % CI) | p | |
| Traditional risk factors | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.01 | 0.9 | −0.06(−0.13,0.01) | 0.1 |
| Gender (Male) | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.92(−0.23,2.07) | 0.1 |
| Smoking history | 0.0004 | 0.99 | ||
| Hypertension | −0.09 | 0.3 | ||
| Diabetes | 0.21 | 0.01 | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.06 | 0.47 | ||
| Previous CV events | 0.07 | 0.43 | ||
| HF | 0.2 | 0.01 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.1(0.02,0.2) | 0.02 |
| Peripheral systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.08 | 0.3 | −0.28(−0.07,0.01) | 0.1 |
| Peripheral diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.14 | 0.1 | 0.06(−0.002, −0.13) | 0.06 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
| Inducible ischemia on ESE (%) | 0.14 | 0.1 | 2.05(−0.03,4.12) | 0.05 |
| CKD- related risk factors | ||||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 0.04 | 0.6 | ||
| Urine PCR (g/mol)^ | 0.08 | 0.4 | ||
| CRP (mg/L)^ | 0.16 | 0.07 | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 0.01 | 0.9 | ||
| Calcium (mmol/L) | −0.13 | 0.2 | −4.8(−9.6,0.06) | 0.05 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 0.09 | 0.3 | ||
| PTH (pmol/L)^ | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||
| Urate (mmol/L) | −0.1 | 0.9 | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 0.03 | 0.7 | ||
| Free ICS (μmol/L)^ | 0.24 | 0.005 | 0.9(0.07,1.68) | 0.03 |
| Free PCS (μmol/L)^ | 0.23 | 0.007 | ||
| PWV (m/s)^ | 0.24 | 0.009 | 3.29(0.53,6.03) | 0.02 |
CI; confidence interval, HF; heart failure, BMI; body mass index, BP; blood pressure; CKD; chronic kidney disease, eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESE; exercise stress echocardiogram, PCR; protein-to-creatinine ratio, CRP; C-reactive protein, PTH; parathyroid hormone, ICS; indoxyl sulphate, PCS; p-cresyl sulphate; PWV pulse wave velocity
^log transformed
#The coefficient notes the per unit change in GLS