Table 2.
First author's name reference | Study participants, outcomes, and PROGRESS-Plus factor | Summary of results |
---|---|---|
Income | ||
Lachance (4) | • First Nations communities in Alberta (n=45) • Median after-tax income by First Nations community, educational attainment, and family status, and composition of income • Place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, education and Plus (marital status) |
There was a significant gap in median after-tax household income between First Nations households and non-First Nations households in Alberta and Canada. Geography plays an important role in the difference in median after-tax household income among First Nations communities. Median after-tax household income ranged $17,056–$34,176 among Treaty 6 communities; $17,920–$27,456 among Treaty 7 communities; and $22,528–$42,485 among Treaty 8 communities ($50,000–$60,000 among southern and central non-First Nations communities and up to $97,483 among northern non-First Nations communities). Individuals with high school diploma have 50% higher median income compared to those without high school diploma. First Nations individuals with university education may have up to $750,000 greater lifetime earnings compared to those who have not completed high school. Married-couple First Nations households have the highest median after-tax household income compared to common-law couples or single parents. The proportion of government transfers is larger in First Nations in Alberta (18.6%) compared to non-First Nations in Alberta (<10%). |
Smoyer-Tomic (44) | • General population including Indigenous peoples in residential areas in a city in Alberta (n=215) • The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and healthy food accessibility • Race/ethnicity/culture/language and socioeconomic status |
Low-income neighborhoods had greater exposure to fast food outlets and convenience stores and fewer resources for reaching major food retailers. The Indigenous populations were 2.68 times more likely to have a proximate fast food outlet. Low income could be a significant predictor of exposure to unhealthy foods, which may contribute to the high prevalence of obesity among Indigenous populations. |
Wenman (45) | • Indigenous (n=70) and non-Indigenous (n=1,905) pregnant women in a city in Alberta • The association between prenatal risk factors and birth outcomes • Place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language and gender |
Indigenous participants were more likely to have babies with excessive birth weight. After considering that Indigenous women had higher prenatal risk factors (smoking: 41% vs. 13%; cervicovaginal infection: 33% vs. 13%; low income: 32% vs. 9%), the ethnic variable lost statistical significance. Behavioral factors, health status, and income level were associated with the negative birth outcomes among Indigenous women. |
Employment | ||
Templeton (46) | • Low-income Indigenous families in Alberta (n=218) • Social determinants of health • Race/ethnicity/culture/language, gender and socioeconomic status |
Approximately 75% of family caretakers were currently unemployed. The mean age of the youngest child of these unemployed caretakers was much younger compared to employed caretakers (3.7 years vs. 5.8 years). The parents might wait until the youngest child becomes of school-age before seeking employment; childcare may restrict employment, especially for single parent households or female caretakers. The caretakers commonly worked as cashier, food and beverage server, administrative assistant, house cleaner/housekeeping attendant, and child and youth care worker. |
Alberta Human Services (47) | • Entire Indigenous Albertans (Census data from Statistics Canada) • Employment status • Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Compared to non-Indigenous populations, Indigenous Albertans had lower participation rate and employment rate (67.7% vs. 73.3%; 60.2% vs. 69.7%, respectively) and higher unemployment rate (11.1% vs. 5.5%). Métis peoples had the highest employment rates (62.6%) among Indigenous groups. Over half of participants worked in the following four industries: trade (17.4%); construction (12.2%); forestry, fishing, mining, oil, and gas (10.9%); and healthcare and social assistance (9.8%). |
Lachance (4) | • First Nations communities in Alberta (n=45) • Participant in labor force, employment rate, and unemployment rate • Place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language and education |
62% of First Nations in Alberta and 74.4% of non-First Nations in Alberta participated in labor force (a significant gap existed). A significant variation of labor force participation rate among First Nations communities could not be explained by geography. Unemployment rate was higher in First Nations populations than non-First Nations populations. 52.5% of First Nations in Alberta and 71.5% of non-First Nations in Alberta were working. The employment rate increased with higher education attainment. For First Nations, the employment rate was 36.1% if high school had not been completed, 65.1% if completed, and 78.1% if graduated from university. |
Employment and education | ||
Miller (48) | • Homeless youths including Indigenous youth in two cities in Alberta (n=41) • Experiences of being homeless or at risk of being homeless • Place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, socioeconomic status and Plus (age) |
Most participants were not attending schools, and left school before high school graduation. The participants perceived that limited educational attainment was a major barrier to employment, which resulted in low income, homelessness, and poor quality of life in a cyclical manner. Higher education was associated with higher employment rates and income, and better housing opportunities. |
Housing | ||
Lachance (4) | • First Nations communities in Alberta (n=45) • Proportions of households living in a crowded house and in a house requiring major repairs • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
17.7% of First Nations in Alberta and a third of on-reserve First Nations in Alberta lived in a crowded house (<5% of the total provincial and national populations). 30.6% of First Nations in Alberta and 28.6% of First Nations in Canada lived in houses requiring major repairs (6% of non-First Nations in Alberta and 7% of non-First Nations in Canada). |
Wearmouth (49) | • First Nations peoples with spinal cord injuries in Alberta (n=7) • Experiences of mobility and accessibility on reserves • Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
The participants’ dwellings and community facilities were not properly equipped to accommodate the mobility needs of these populations. |
Belanger (50) | • Indigenous peoples in a city in Alberta (n=1,068) • Housing needs • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Of all surveyed households, 15.7% needed major repairs, and 54.3% required minor repairs; 23.3% were living in crowded dwellings; 57.1% perceived that appropriate housing was less affordable due to low income; only 6.7% were eligible for a mortgage to buy a house with an average price of $270,000. |
King Blood (51) | • First Nations peoples who live on-reserve (n=1,322) • Social determinants of health • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Dwelling conditions on reserves were generally poor. In 2002/03, the participants lived in houses without smoke detectors or fire extinguishers (50%) and in crowded dwellings (32%). |
Education | ||
Alberta Education (52) | • Entire students including Indigenous students in Alberta • Overview of educational outcomes in Alberta • Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
High school drop-out rates for Indigenous students declined from 11.8% in 2006 to 9.0% in 2010. |
McKennitt (53) | • Indigenous children from two elementary schools in a mid-sized city in Alberta (n=18) • Effect of culturally sensitivity on smoking prevention program • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Culturally sensitive smoking prevention programs may effectively reduce future smoking intentions among Indigenous children. |
Pigford (54) | • 4th- and 5th- grade First Nations students in Alberta (n=15) • Importance of including opinions of First Nations children for health promotion programs • Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
A limited understanding about young learners’ educational preferences, needs, and aspirations, as well as cultural specificity in health promotion programs may result in less than ideal knowledge translation. |
Kulig (55) | • Indigenous nursing students and educators of the University of Lethbridge (n=85) • Strategies for promoting educational attainment among Indigenous students within post-secondary educational settings • Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Culturally relevant and appropriate pedagogical approaches for Indigenous students (e.g. mentorship and transitioning programs) were suggested. |
Lachance (4) | • First Nations communities in Alberta (n=45) • Educational attainment across First Nations communities • Place of residence and Race/ethnicity/culture/language |
51.9% of First Nations in Alberta, and 64.1% of on-reserve First Nations have not completed high school (39.1% of First Nations in Manitoba, 48.4% of First Nations in Canada and 23.8% of Canadian population have not completed high school). By the age of 34, a third of First Nations in Alberta, and 57% of on-reserve First Nations have not completed high school. First Nations are three to five times more likely to have not completed high school compared to non-First Nations in Alberta. Educational attainment was significantly different across communities. |
Wishart (56) | • An inner-city high school for Indigenous students in a city in Alberta • Strategies for promoting educational attainment among urban Indigenous early school leavers • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
There was a gap between Indigenous and Western cultures, worldviews, and knowledge in curriculum, policies, and pedagogical practices. Involving Elders in Indigenous education was suggested. |
Ralph-Campbell (57) | • Indigenous peoples with diabetes in Alberta (n=394) • The association between education and prevalence of diabetes • Race/ethnicity/culture/language and education |
The lower level of education was associated with the high prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous participants. |
Virani (58) | • First Nations peoples with diabetes from 44 First Nations communities in Alberta (n=1,151) • Rationale and implementation a chronic disease prevention program • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
There were modest improvements in some program outcomes of a chronic disease prevention program. Community acceptance played a significant role in successful implementation of the program. |
Toth (59) | • 44 First Nations communities in Alberta • Ways of addressing the diabetes epidemic in Indigenous communities • Place of residence and race/ethnicity/culture/language |
Community-based and community-driven health promotion approach involving knowledge users, beneficiaries, and stakeholders of communities in developing and implementing a program was one of the key factors for successful intervention. |