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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015 May 27;88:108–122. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.014

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Chemical modifications of AMOs. 2′-O-methyl RNA is modified by changing the 2′ hydroxy group of the ribose into methoxy group; phosphorothioate RNA introduces the sulfur substitution of a non-bridging oxygen to make a phosphorothioate linkage between nucleotides; locked nucleic acid links 2′, 4′ of the ribose by methylene bridge to form a bicyclic nucleotide; peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) substitute a peptide bond at the 1′ amide linkage to the base. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) contain morpholine rings instead of deoxyribose rings that are linked through phosphorodiamidate groups instead of phosphates.