Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 65).
| FAS/PFAS (n = 18) |
Heavy exposed (n = 22) |
Control (n = 25) |
F or χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal alcohol exposure | ||||
| Absolute alcohol/day (oz)a | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.1 (1.9) | 0.0 (0.0) | 19.90*** |
| Absolute alcohol/occasion (oz)a | 6.5 (3.4) | 5.9 (5.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 21.98*** |
| Frequency (days/week)a | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.8) | 0.0 (0.1) | 41.29*** |
| Potential confounders | ||||
| Maternal | ||||
| Parity | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.29 |
| Years of educationb | 6.7 (2.5) | 6.9 (2.4) | 8.5 (2.0) | 4.27* |
| Smoking during pregnancy (cigs/day)c | 6.6 (5.1) | 12.1 (9.0) | 5.6 (7.1) | 4.99** |
| Mother's age at delivery | 26.3 (5.9) | 24.5 (5.5) | 24.0 (5.8) | 0.92 |
| Child | ||||
| Sex (% male) | 33.3 | 45.5 | 48.0 | 1.00 |
| Age at assessment | 10.1 (1.1) | 10.6 (1.3) | 10.2 (1.2) | 1.09 |
| Blood lead concentration (µg/dL)d | 7.0 (3.6) | 5.2 (1.9) | 6.7 (2.6) | 2.56† |
| IQ scores | ||||
| WISC Estimated Full Scale IQ scoree | 59.8 (10.5) | 67.9 (10.2) | 76.0 (11.0) | 12.25*** |
| Freedom from Distractibilityf | 74.4 (16.5) | 80.6 (10.4) | 87.4 (12.4) | 5.20** |
| Arithmeticg | 4.4 (2.5) | 5.9 (2.6) | 6.9 (2.6) | 4.96** |
| Digit Spanh | 6.3 (3.7) | 7.0 (1.7) | 8.3 (2.9) | 2.80† |
| Codingi | 4.6 (2.3) | 6.5 (2.1) | 6.8 (2.5) | 4.31* |
| Matrix Reasoningj | 3.8 (2.1) | 4.6 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.3) | 2.38 |
| Block Designk | 3.6 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.6) | 6.4 (3.3) | 5.24** |
| Symbol Searchl | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.7 (2.5) | 6.8 (2.9) | 6.86** |
| Similaritiesm | 2.3 (2.0) | 3.7 (2.0) | 5.4 (2.4) | 11.48*** |
| Picture Completionn | 4.7 (3.3) | 5.2 (3.0) | 6.1 (2.9) | 1.07 |
Means (SD).
†p < 0.10; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Cont < FAS/PFAS, HE, both ps < 0.001.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.012; cont > HE, p = 0.020.
HE > cont, p = 0.004; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.022.
FAS/PFAS > HE, p = 0.042; cont > HE, p = 0.077.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.001; cont > HE, p = 0.012; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.019.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.002; cont > HE, p = 0.082.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.003; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.067.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.026.
Missing for 4 FAS/PFAS, 1 HE, and 4 controls. cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.008; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.017.
Missing for 2 FAS/PFAS, 1 HE, and 3 controls.
Missing for 1 control. cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.002; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.039.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.001; cont > HE, p = 0.009.
Cont > FAS/PFAS, p < 0.001; cont > HE, p = 0.006; HE > FAS/PFAS, p = 0.051.
Missing for 1 control.