Table 1.

List of the metabolites changed in both obesity and diabetes

Category	Metabolites	Origin	Sample type	Up/Down	Platform	References
Amino acid metabolism	Asparagine	human	serum/plasma			Bentley-Lewis et al., 2014; Moore et al., 2014
	Citrulline	human	serum/plasma			Mihalik et al., 2012; Oberbach et al., 2011
	Glycine	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Floegel et al., 2013; Mihalik et al., 2012; Palmer et al., 2015; Wang-Sattler et al., 2012
	Methionine	human	serum/plasma			Bentley-Lewis et al., 2014; Mihalik et al., 2012
	Choline	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015
	Cysteine	human	plasma			Bentley-Lewis et al., 2014; Fiehn et al., 2010
	Glutamine	human	serum/plasma/urine			Gogna et al., 2015; Oberbach et al., 2011; Salek et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2013; Zeng et al., 2011
	Isoleucine	human	serum/plasma			Gogna et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2014; Suhre et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2013; Zeng et al., 2011
	Leucine	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Gogna et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2014; Oberbach et al., 2011; Palmer et al., 2015; Suhre et al., 2010; Villarreal-Pérez et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2013; Zeng et al., 2011
	Pantothenic acid	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015, Suhre et al., 2010
		rodent	serum			Kim et al., 2011
	Phenylalanine	human	serum/plasma			Floegel et al., 2013; Gogna et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2014; Oberbach et al., 2011, Palmer et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2013
	Proline	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015; Oberbach et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2013
	Threonine	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015
	Tryptophan	human	serum/plasma			Kim et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011
	Tyrosine	human	serum/plasma			Kim et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2014; Oberbach et al., 2011; Villarreal-Pérez et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011
		rodent	serum			Kim et al., 2011
	Valine	human	serum/plasma			Gogna et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2014; Oberbach et al., 2011; Palmer et al., 2015; Suhre et al., 2010; Villarreal-Pérez et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2013
Lipid metabolism	Ethanolamine	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010
	Lysophosphatidylcholine C18:2	human	serum			Floegel et al., 2013; Wahl et al., 2012; Wang-Sattler et al., 2012
	Lysophosphatidylethanolamine	human	plasma			Liu et al., 2013
		rodent	serum			Kim et al., 2011
	Sphingomyelin	human	serum			Floegel et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013
		rodent	adipose tissue/plasma			Samad et al., 2006
	2-hydroxybutanoic acid	human	serum			Fiehn et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2014
	3-hydroxybutanoic acid	human	serum			Fiehn et al., 2010; Gogna et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2014; Salek et al., 2007; Suhre et al., 2010; Zeng et al., 2011
	Oleic acid	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013; Yi et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2011
	Palmitic acid	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013; Yi et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2011
	Palmitoleic acid	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010
	Phosphatidylcholine	human	serum			Drogan et al., 2015; Pietiläinen et al., 2007
		rodent	liver/serum			Huang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011
	Stearic acid	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013; Yi et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2011
Carbohydrate metabolism	1,5-anhydroglucitol	human	serum			Drogan et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2014; Suhre et al., 2010
	Glycerol-3-phosphate	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010
	Fructose	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013
	Glucose	human	serum/plasma			Drogan et al., 2015; Fiehn et al., 2010; Gogna et al., 2015
	Glycerol	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2014
		rodent	serum			Diao et al., 2014
	Gluconic acid	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010
	Glucuronic acid	human	serum/plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010; Suhre et al., 2010
	Lactic acid	human	serum/plasma			Gogna et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2011; Zeng et al., 2011
	Mannose	human	serum			Moore et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2013
	Sorbitol	human	serum			Gogna et al., 2015
	Xylose	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010
Nucleotide metabolism	Uridine	human	plasma			Fiehn et al., 2010

, NMR; , LC/MS; , GC/MS