Table 1.
Serum IL-35 as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases
| Disease/model | IL-35 expression | References |
|---|---|---|
| Elevated circulating IL-35 levels in human cancer | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Serum IL-35 levels are positively correlated with Treg numbers in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients and reduction in serum IL-35 following tumor resection | Zeng and others (2013) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Increased plasma IL-35 levels associated with lymph node metastasis and late-stage tumor | Jin and others (2014) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Increased plasma IL-35 concentration has also been correlative in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients, one of the most common hematological malignancy in adults | Wu and others (2012) |
| Reduced circulating IL-35 levels in human autoimmune diseases | ||
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Serum IL-35 levels were lower in MS patients and treatment with interferon β, methylprednisolone, or combination of both offered beneficial effects through the upregulation of IL-35 production | Jafarzadeh and others (2015) |
| Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Expression of IL-35 mRNA and protein were both downregulated in asthmatic children, and serum IL-35 level was inversely related to serum IL-4 and positively correlated with serum IFN-γ levels | Chen and others (2014) and Ma and others (2014) |
| Allergic rhinitis | Serum IL-35 and Ebi3 expression was also significantly reduced in allergic rhinitis patients relative to normal controls | Wan and others (2014) |
| Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) | Serum IL-35 levels were also significantly reduced in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients suggestive of insufficient anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. | Li and others (2014) |
| Immune thrombocytopenia (ITC) | Reduced plasma IL-35 levels in active ITC patients than those in remission | Yang and others (2014) |
| Fetomaternal tolerance, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and preeclampsia (PE) | Decreased plasma IL-35 levels were noted in females with RPL and PE | Ozkan and others (2014, 2015) |
| Atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases (CAD) | Plasma IL-35 levels were significantly decreased in patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris (SAP and UAP) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) | Lin and others (2012) |