Table 1.
Characteristics of 2128 Women Enrolled In Project Viva, Overall and by Exposure to Material Hardship
| Experienced material hardship in | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total | Childhood | Adulthood | Index pregnancy | Never experienced material hardship |
| n (%) or mean (SD) | |||||
| All | 2128 (100%) | 192 (9%) | 102 (5%) | 41 (2%) | 1852 (87%) |
| Maternal age (years) | 31.8 (5.2) | 29.8 (6.8) | 29.9 (7.6) | 26.4 (7.3) | 32.1 (5.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 1413 (66%) | 92 (48%) | 36 (35%) | 8 (19%) | 1295 (70%) |
| Black | 352 (17%) | 55 (29%) | 39 (38%) | 20 (48%) | 260 (14%) |
| Hispanic | 156 (7%) | 26 (13%) | 17 (16%) | 9 (21%) | 119 (6%) |
| Asian | 123 (6%) | 4 (2%) | 4 (4%) | 3 (8%) | 114 (6%) |
| Other | 84 (4%) | 15 (8%) | 7 (7%) | 1 (4%) | 64 (3%) |
| Nulliparous | |||||
| No | 1111 (52%) | 103 (54%) | 74 (72%) | 25 (61%) | 946 (51%) |
| Yes | 1017 (48%) | 89 (46%) | 28 (28%) | 16 (39%) | 905 (49%) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1458 (69%) | 120 (62%) | 60 (59%) | 24 (59%) | 1287 (70%) |
| Former | 402 (19%) | 37 (19%) | 15 (15%) | 6 (16%) | 353 (19%) |
| During pregnancy | 268 (13%) | 36 (18%) | 26 (26%) | 11 (25%) | 212 (11%) |
| Before pregnancy | |||||
| Total physical activity (hours/week) | 9.9 (8.8) | 11.5 (12.1) | 12.3 (12.5) | 13.1 (11.0) | 9.6 (8.3) |
| TV watching (hours/week) | 11.5 (9.2) | 12.9 (11.5) | 14.5 (13.0) | 13.2 (13.7) | 11.3 (8.9) |
| During pregnancy | |||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2115 (666) | 2199 (763) | 2200 (915) | 2080 (898) | 2104 (657) |
| Trans fat (g/day) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.7) |
| Fried food away from home (servings/week) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.2 (1.2) | 0.9 (0.8) |
| Total dairy (servings/day) | 2.9 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.9 (1.6) |
| Vegetarian diet, n (%) | 142 (7%) | 16 (8%) | 13 (13%) | 6 (15%) | 116 (6%) |
| Total physical activity (hours/week) | 7.5 (8.7) | 10.1 (14.7) | 10 (16.6) | 14.2 (17.1) | 7.1 (7.7) |
| TV watching (hours/week) | 12 (10.5) | 16.4 (16.4) | 15 (14.9) | 17.6 (19.0) | 11.4 (9.6) |
| Six months postpartum* | |||||
| Walking (hours/week) | 5.5 (7.6) | 6.5 (10.7) | 5.6 (12.4) | 7.8 (14.3) | 5.4 (7.2) |
| TV watching (hours/week) | 11.8 (12.6) | 15.2 (17.8) | 14.9 (20.9) | 16.2 (22.6) | 11.4 (11.9) |
| Sleep (hours/day) | 6.8 (1.6) | 6.8 (2.0) | 6.7 (2.8) | 7.2 (3.2) | 6.8 (1.5) |
| Incident postpartum depression | 73 (6%) | 16 (14%) | 4 (9%) | 2 (8%) | 55 (5%) |
| College graduate | |||||
| No | 753 (35%) | 109 (57%) | 77 (75%) | 33 (79%) | 581 (31%) |
| Yes | 1375 (65%) | 83 (43%) | 25 (25%) | 9 (21%) | 1271 (69%) |
| Household income >$70,000/year | |||||
| No | 896 (42%) | 114 (59%) | 88 (86%) | 40 (96%) | 709 (38%) |
| Yes | 1232 (58%) | 78 (41%) | 14 (14%) | 2 (4%) | 1143 (62%) |
| Married or cohabitating | |||||
| No | 183 (9%) | 39 (20%) | 22 (22%) | 20 (49%) | 125 (7%) |
| Yes | 1945 (91%) | 154 (80%) | 80 (78%) | 21 (51%) | 1727 (93%) |
| Breastfeeding duration (months)* | 5.8 (5.2) | 5.2 (5.6) | 5 (6) | 3.8 (5.4) | 5.9 (5.2) |
*
Among n=1303.
SD, standard deviation.