Table 3.
Associations of Material Hardship with Gestational Weight Gain Category (Institute of Medicine 1990) Among 2128 Women in Project Viva
| Gestational weight gain categoryOR (95% CI) vs. adequate GWGb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate childhood hardship | Excessive childhood hardship | |||
| Modela | Yes (n=32) | No (n=287) | Yes (n=108) | No (n=954) |
| 0 | 1.48 (0.88–2.48) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.50 (1.03–2.19) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 1 | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.45 (0.99–2.14) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 2 | 1.23 (0.72–2.11) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.47 (0.99–2.17) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Adulthood hardship | Adulthood hardship | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=29) | No (n=290) | Yes (n=39) | No (n=1023) | |
| 0 | 2.15 (1.17–3.97) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.82 (0.48–1.39) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 1 | 1.55 (0.81–2.96) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.72 (0.41–1.26) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 2 | 1.44 (0.75–2.78) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.71 (0.40–1.25) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Pregnancy hardship | Pregnancy hardship | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=12) | No (n=307) | Yes (n=18) | No (n=1044) | |
| 0 | 2.47 (0.92–6.60) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.10 (0.45–2.69) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 1 | 1.91 (0.68–5.34) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.09 (0.43–2.76) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 2 | 1.82 (0.64–5.19) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.12 (0.44–2.88) | 1.0 (reference) |
a
Model 0: unadjusted; Model 1: adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, parity and prepregnancy BMI; Model 2: model 1 additionally adjusted for education, marital status, and household income.
b
Sample sizes for adequate GWG: childhood hardship yes=52 and no=695, adult hardship yes=34 and no=714, pregnancy hardship yes=12 and no=735.
CI, confidence interval; GWG, gestational weight gain; OR, odds ratio.