Fig. 2.

Rates of speciation (black) and extinction (blue) through time for the three subfamilies of Canidae. (A) The diversification of Hesperocyoninae is characterized by a fourfold decrease in speciation rate c. 30 Ma, followed by an almost fivefold increase of extinction starting at c. 20 Ma. (B) In Borophaginae, speciation and extinction were constant until c. 15 Ma, when the speciation rate underwent a threefold drop and the extinction rate experienced a twofold increase, followed by another increase close to the time of the clade’s demise. (C) Caninae, the only canid subfamily with living species, followed a roughly constant rate birth–death model, with small but positive net diversification. Solid lines indicate mean rates, whereas shaded areas show the 95% credible intervals (95% CIs).