TABLE 1.
Selected examples of tolerance of bacteria in biofilms to biocides and antiseptics
| Organisms | Agent | Molecular weight(g mole−1) |
Substratuma | (log10 cfu cm−2)Xo |
TF | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, | Hypochlorite, pH 11 | 52.5 | SS | 9.9 | 767 | 37 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Chlorosulfamate | 131 | 272 | |||
| P. aeruginosa | Peracetic acid | 76.1 | PS | 8 | 6.7 | 67 |
| Aggregatibacter | Chlorhexidine | 506 | CN | 7.48 | 2.7 | 68 |
| actinomycetocomitans | Cetylpyridinium chloride | 340 | 3.4 | |||
| Legionella in mixed species | Glutaraldehyde | 100 | RR | 6.1 | 2.0 | 69 |
| Bromo-nitropropane-diol | 200 | 1.0 | ||||
| P. aeruginosa | Hydrogen peroxide | 34 | PE | 6.65 | 2.8 | 70 |
| Mixed drinking water | Chlorine dioxide | 67.5 | G | 5.3 | 1.0 | 71 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Benzalkonium chloride | 360 | G | 7.9 | 52 | 38 |
| P. aeruginosa | Bromine | 96.9 | PC | 5.3 | 1.4 | 72 |
| P. aeruginosa | Benzylchlorophenol, | 195 | G | 8.5 | 7.4 | 39 |
| S. aureus | phenylphenol | 4.2 | ||||
| Salmonella typhimurium | Triclosan | 290 | Pellicle | 7.2 | 20 | 73 |
| Citrobacter diversus | Povidone-iodine | 365 | S | 8.8 | 11 | 74 |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Iodine | 254 | SS | 5.2 | 1.7 | 8 |
| Mixed paper mill white water | Thymol | 150 | SS | 7.7 | 1.1 | 75 |
| Mixed oral | Chlorhexidine | 506 | HAP | 9 | 13.5 | 76 |
a
Abbreviations: SS, stainless steel; PS, polystyrene; CN, cellulose nitrate; RR, red rubber; PE, polyester; G, glass; PC, polycarbonate; S, silicone; BR, Buna rubber; HAP, hydroxyapatite