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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2014 Sep 8;100(11):837–847. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23303

TABLE 3.

Top Six Most Commonly Reported Perceived Barriers to Care: Frequencies of “Never” (Never/Almost Never) vs. “Ever” (Sometimes/Often/Almost Always) a Problem by Selected Maternal, Child, and System Characteristics

Barrier to care
Characteristics Having to take time off work Having to wait too long in waiting room Having to take care of household responsibilities Meeting the needs of other family members Having to wait too many days for an appointment Cost of primary cleft/craniofacial caree
Maternal characteristics
Agea p-value: 0.40 p-value: 0.05 p-value: 0.47 p-value: 0.30 p-value: 0.19 p-value: 0.21
 < 30 years old 35 37 54 24 50 24 55 20 51 26 59 16
 30–35 years old 40 27 47 25 50 16 48 17 54 18 53 15
 > 36 years old 29 22 27 28 30 15 31 19 41 10 35 18
Education p-value: 0.66 p-value: 0.005 p-value: 0.25 p-value: 0.23 p-value: 0.10 p-value: 0.22
 Elementary and some high school 11 11 14 9 17 6 13 8 17 6 19 4
 High school graduate 27 18 33 17 35 10 37 8 35 14 40 7
 Some college 29 29 49 14 42 15 42 19 44 16 42 17
 College graduate 37 26 32 35 36 23 41 21 48 18 46 19
Raceb p-value: 0.84 p-value: 0.58 p-value: 0.44 p-value: 0.76 p-value: 0.94 p-value: 0.07
 White 87 71 106 66 110 44 110 47 121 45 119 45
 Non-White/Otherc 17 15 22 11 20 11 24 9 25 9 28 4
Ethnicity p-value: 0.90 p-value: 0.46 p-value: 0.76 p-value: 0.97 p-value: 0.90 p-value: 0.40
 Hispanic/Latino 4 3 4 4 6 2 2 7 3 3 6 2 2 7 1 1
 Non-Hispanic/Latino 100 83 124 73 124 53 127 53 140 52 140 48
Marital status p-value: 0.64 p-value: 0.04 p-value: 0.59 p-value: 0.94 p-value: 0.47 p-value: 0.05
 Currently married 69 61 83 61 87 39 91 38 101 37 98 40
 Previously married 19 12 25 7 25 7 23 9 25 7 28 4
 Never married 16 11 20 7 18 8 19 9 180 10 21 3
Annual household income (before taxes) p-value: 0.09 p-value: 0.59 p-value: 0.55 p-value: 0.58 p-value: 0.96 p-value: 0.002
 < $19,999 31 20 37 17 40 13 36 18 41 14 49 4
 $20,000 to $49,999 24 33 40 24 39 20 39 19 46 17 43 16
 > $50,000 43 30 46 31 46 19 52 18 52 20 49 26
Number of CSHCN in household p-value: 0.005 p-value: 0.03 p-value: 0.005 p-value: 0.001 p-value: 0.08 p-value: 0.78
 None 81 51 95 47 99 31 100 29 107 33 105 34
 >1 child 21 33 30 29 28 23 31 26 36 20 39 10
Child characteristics
Age p-value: 0.13 p-value: 0.09 p-value: 0.84 p-value: 0.89 p-value: 0.34 p-value: 0.13
 2 years old (13–24 months) 33 19 42 14 38 15 40 13 41 15 43 11
 3 years old (25–36 months) 23 34 39 22 38 16 37 18 37 21 38 19
 4 years old (37–48 months) 25 18 24 25 30 15 29 14 38 11 33 14
 5 years old (49–60 months) 15 9 14 11 14 7 18 7 18 5 23 2
 6 years old (61–72 months) 8 6 9 5 10 2 10 4 12 2 10 3
Raceb p-value: 0.78 p-value: 0.64 p-value: 0.60 p-value: 0.94 p-value: 0.83 p-value: 0.07
 White 83 70 103 64 106 43 107 45 117 44 115 44
 Non-White/Otherc 21 16 25 13 24 12 27 11 29 10 32 5
Ethnicity p-value: 0.76 p-value: 0.93 p-value: 0.49 p-value: 0.73 p-value: 0.50 p-value: 0.21
 Hispanic/Latino 5 5 7 4 8 2 9 3 9 2 10 1
 Non-Hispanic/Latino 99 81 121 73 122 53 125 53 137 52 137 48
Sex p-value: 0.56 p-value: 0.002 p-value: 0.62 p-value: 0.12 p-value: 0.34 p-value: 0.24
 Male 60 46 83 33 76 30 81 27 81 34 86 24
 Female 44 40 45 44 54 25 53 29 65 20 61 25
Preterm birth (<37 weeks) p-value: 0.63 p-value: 0.22 p-value: 0.13 p-value: 0.28 p-value: 0.38 p-value: 0.47
 Yes 20 19 29 12 32 8 31 9 27 13 31 8
 No 84 67 99 65 98 47 103 47 119 41 116 41
Low birth weight (<2500 grams) p-value: 0.72 p-value: 0.77 p-value: 0.71 p-value: 0.99 p-value: 0.73 p-value: 0.18
 Yes 19 14 22 12 23 11 24 10 24 10 27 5
 No 85 72 106 65 107 44 110 46 122 44 120 44
Cleft type p-value: 0.09 p-value: 0.88 p-value: 0.94 p-value: 0.55 p-value: 0.32 p-value: 0.61
 Cleft lip only 21 10 21 14 21 9 23 8 24 9 22 10
 Cleft palate only 37 25 41 26 46 18 46 16 44 22 50 14
 Cleft lip with cleft palate 46 51 66 37 63 28 65 32 78 23 75 25
Presence of other birth defects p-value: 0.21 p-value: 0.33 p-value: 0.12 p-value: 0.56 p-value: 0.16 p-value: 0.80
 Yes (non-isolated orofacial cleft) 65 46 51 36 50 28 56 26 57 27 63 20
No (isolated orofacial cleft) 39 40 77 41 80 27 78 30 89 27 84 29
System characteristics
Mother's primary health insurance p-value: 0.11 p-value: 0.17 p-value: 0.85 p-value: 0.39 p-value: 0.75 p-value: 0.01
 Private insurance 60 53 67 55 73 31 80 30 84 32 81 38
 Public health insurance 21 11 24 10 24 9 23 10 23 11 30 2
 Military 2 6 6 2 5 3 4 4 5 3 5 1
Child's primary health insuranced p-value: 0.05 p-value: 0.007 p-value: 0.17 p-value: 0.18 p-value: 0.63 p-value: <0.0001
 Private health insurance 51 41 50 47 55 25 63 25 67 24 57 38
 Public health insurance 48 31 65 23 65 20 62 22 66 23 79 4
 Military 2 8 7 3 5 5 4 5 6 4 6 2
Native/primary language in household p-value: 0.38 p-value: 0.97 p-value: 0.78 p-value: 0.80 p-value: 0.88 p-value: 0.43
 English 99 82 23 72 124 52 127 53 138 52 140 46
 Other 5 2 5 3 6 2 6 3 6 2 7 1
  System Characteristics
  Average one-way travel time p-value: 0.05 p-value: 0.40 p-value: 0.01 p-value: 0.02 p-value: 0.69 p-value: 0.56
 0–60 min 61 33 66 35 73 20 76 21 71 28 73 22
 ≥ 61 min 43 53 62 42 57 35 58 35 75 26 74 27
  Average one-way travel distance p-value: 0.02 p-value: 0.96 p-value: 0.08 p-value: 0.39 p-value: 0.11 p-value: 1.0
 0–60 miles 72 44 78 46 85 30 85 32 84 37 90 30
 ≥ 61 miles 29 37 45 27 38 24 44 22 56 14 51 17

Bold P-values designate statistically significant results.

a

Twenty-four respondents had missing mother's age or had illogical response, so used North Carolina vital statistics data to impute maternal age.

b

Thirteen respondents (5.3%) marked White plus one other race, but were categorized as White for analysis.

c

`Other' included Hispanic, Black/African American, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander or an open-ended `Other' option.

d

Private health insurance = enrollment in the State Employee Health Plan or a private health insurance plan purchased from an employer or directly from an insurance company; Public health insurance = enrollment in North Carolina Health Choice (State Children's Health Insurance Program), Medicaid, Carolina ACCESS or Health Check; Military insurance = enrollment in Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services, TRICARE (formerly Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services) or the Veteran's Administration.

e

Primary cleft or craniofacial care was the first location where received services or the location where received most services.