Table 5.
Distribution of Selected Demographics by Number of Hospitalizations, Average Length of Stay, and Total Estimated Hospital Costsa per Infant for Hospitalizations Initiated during the First Year of Life for Infants Born with Spina Bifida in Florida, 1998—2007 (N = 615)
| Number of hospitalizations |
Average length of stay |
Total estimated inpatient costsa per infant |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | 1 | 2–3 | ≥4 | p value* | <7 days | 7–14 days | 15–28 days | >28 days | p value* | <$10,000 | $10–25,000 | >$25,000 | p value* |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White |
115 (35.6%) | 148 (45.8%) | 60 (18.6%) | 0.831 | 165 (51.1%) | 99 (30.7%) | 35 (10.8%) | 24 (7.4%) | 0.019 | 86 (26.6%) | 99 (30.7%) | 138 (42.7%) | 0.136 |
| Hispanic | 58 (37.9%) | 72 (47.1%) | 23 (15.0%) | 77 (50.3%) | 50 (32.7%) | 18 (11.8%) | 8 (5.2%) | 39 (25.5%) | 54 (35.3%) | 60 (39.2%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black |
55 (42.6%) | 52 (40.3%) | 22 (17.1%) | 38 (37.2%) | 37 (28.7%) | 20 (15.5%) | 24 (18.6%) | 24 (18.6%) | 35 (27.1%) | 70 (54.3%) | |||
| Age (in years) | |||||||||||||
| <20 | 18 (30.5%) | 26 (44.1%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.651 | 24 (40.7%) | 20 (33.9%) | 7 (18.6%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.062 | 8 (13.6%) | 21 (35.6%) | 30 (50.9%) | 0.036 |
| 20–24 | 65 (39.4%) | 72 (43.6%) | 28 (17.0%) | 67 (40.6%) | 59 (35.8%) | 20 (21.8%) | 19 (11.5%) | 38 (23.3%) | 44 (26.7%) | 83 (50.3%) | |||
| 25–29 | 55 (33.3%) | 78 (47.3%) | 32 (19.4%) | 84 (50.9%) | 52 (31.5%) | 19 (18.8%) | 10 (6.1%) | 45 (27.3%) | 50 (30.3%) | 70 (42.4%) | |||
| 30–34 | 55 (42.6%) | 56 (43.4%) | 18 (14.0%) | 68 (52.7%) | 34 (26.4%) | 18 (15.5%) | 9 (7.0%) | 35 (27.1%) | 47 (36.4%) | 47 (36.4%) | |||
| ≥35 | 39 (40.6%) | 42 (43.8%) | 15 (15.6%) | 51 (53.1%) | 25 (26.0%) | 10 (10.4%) | 10 (10.4%) | 26 (27.1%) | 28 (29.2%) | 42 (43.8%) | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||||||
| Married | 137 (37.2%) | 175 (47.6%) | 56 (15.2%) | 0.101 | 191 (51.9%) | 106 (28.8%) | 44 (12.0%) | 27 (7.3%) | 0.060 | 95 (25.8%) | 127 (34.5%) | 146 (39.7%) | 0.014 |
| Not married | 95 (38.5%) | 100 (40.5%) | 52 (21.1%) | 104 (42.1%) | 84 (34.0%) | 30 (12.2%) | 29 (11.7%) | 58 (23.5%) | 63 (25.5%) | 126 (51.0%) | |||
| Education | |||||||||||||
| <High school diploma |
46 (33.3%) | 62 (44.9%) | 30 (21.7%) | 0.557 | 61 (44.2%) | 44 (31.9%) | 16 (11.6%) | 17 (12.3%) | 0.469 | 33 (23.9%) | 35 (25.4%) | 70 (50.7%) | 0.027 |
| High school graduate |
83 (39.0%) | 90 (42.3%) | 40 (18.8%) | 94 (44.1%) | 69 (32.4%) | 28 (13.2%) | 22 (10.3%) | 50 (23.5%) | 58 (27.2%) | 105 (49.3%) | |||
| At least some college |
99 (38.7%) | 120 (46.9%) | 37 (14.5%) | 136 (53.1%) | 74 (28.9%) | 30 (11.7%) | 16 (6.3%) | 69 (27.0%) | 92 (35.9%) | 95 (37.1%) | |||
| Infant characteristics | |||||||||||||
| sex | |||||||||||||
| Female | 114 (35.9%) | 147 (46.2%) | 57 (17.9%) | 0.607 | 138 (43.4%) | 108 (34.0%) | 41 (12.9%) | 31 (9.8%) | 0.134 | 74 (23.3%) | 100 (31.5%) | 144 (45.3%) | 0.633 |
| Male | 118 (39.7%) | 128 (43.1%) | 51 (17.2%) | 157 (52.9%) | 82 (27.6%) | 33 (11.1%) | 25 (8.4%) | 79 (26.2%) | 90 (30.3%) | 128 (43.1%) | |||
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 67 (41.1%) | 61 (37.4%) | 35 (21.5%) | 0.066 | 68 (41.7%) | 47 (28.8%) | 25 (15.3%) | 23 (14.1%) | 0.014 | 34 (20.9%) | 45 (27.6%) | 84 (51.5%) | 0.091 |
| No | 162 (36.1%) | 214 (47.7%) | 73 (16.3%) | 226 (50.3%) | 142 (31.6%) | 49 (10.9%) | 32 (7.1%) | 117 (26.1%) | 145 (32.3%) | 187 (41.7%) | |||
| Low birth weight (<2500 grams) | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 51 (46.7%) | 43 (35.3%) | 22 (18.0%) | 0.044 | 47 (38.5%) | 35 (28.7%) | 16 (13.1%) | 24 (19.7%) | <0.001 | 27 (22.1%) | 36 (29.5%) | 59 (48.6%) | 0.551 |
| No | 175 (35.6%) | 231 (47.0%) | 86 (17.5%) | 248 (50.4%) | 154 (31.3%) | 58 (11.8%) | 32 (6.5%) | 126 (25.6%) | 154 (31.3%) | 212 (43.1%) | |||
Note: Values may not add up to 100% because of missing or unknown values.
The p values statistically significant at 0.05 level are in bold.
Estimated costs are in 2011 U.S. dollars. Estimated costs calculated as total charges adjusted to Florida’s average hospital cost-to-charge ratio (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Health Care Utilization Project, 2009). Inpatient charges include all hospital facility charges (excludes professional fees): Pharmacy, medical and surgical supply, laboratory, radiology and other imaging, cardiology, operating room, anesthesia, recovery room, emergency room (if an inpatient admission originated in the emergency room), treatment or observation room (if a visit resulted in an inpatient admission) charges (Agency for Health Care Administration, 2011).