Table 4.

Estimates of the average treatment effects on the treated (left-behind children) with non-migrant children as the control group.

	Left-behind		Non-migrant
	Mean	N	Mean	N	ATT	SE
Educational Performance
Word test score	20.68	258	20.83	1600	−0.15	(0.44)
Math test score	10.19	258	10.56	1600	−0.37	(0.26)
Parent-reported Chinese grade	2.53	254	2.54	1575	−0.01	(0.07)
Parent-reported Math grade	2.51	254	2.47	1575	0.05	(0.07)
Political Knowledge	−0.24	241	−0.18	1585	−0.06	(0.06)
Subjective Wellbeing
Depression	0.09	256	−0.01	1642	0.10	(0.08)
Positive self-perspective	0.00	256	−0.06	1652	0.06	(0.07)
Inter-person Relationship
N of quarrels with parents last month	0.33	260	0.47	1650	−0.14	(0.10)
N of good friends	5.12	258	5.85	1662	−0.73	(0.47)
Time Use
Days/week doing housework/farming	2.75	260	2.89	1656	−0.14	(0.16)
Hours/week studying	44.67	260	42.92	1663	1.75†	(1.06)
Health & Nutrition
Height (cm)	145.74	241	145.08	1569	0.66	(0.83)
Weight (kg)	36.17	242	36.12	1565	0.05	(0.58)
N of food types eaten last month	4.28	260	4.27	1663	0.01	(0.13)
Interviewer’s Observation
Comprehension capability	5.00	260	4.93	1658	0.06	(0.09)
Mandarin fluency	4.37	260	4.34	1658	0.04	(0.11)
Intelligence	4.99	260	4.99	1658	−0.01	(0.09)
Self-expression	5.00	260	4.95	1658	0.05	(0.09)
Parents care child's education	3.18	260	3.25	1663	−0.07	(0.05)
Parents actively communicate with child	3.44	260	3.42	1663	0.02	(0.05)

Note: SE = Bootstrap standard errors with 2,000 iterations; ATT = average treatment effects on the treated; N refers to the number of matched cases.

^†p < .1;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).