Table 6.

Estimates of the average treatment effects on the treated (migrant children) with non-migrant and left-behind children as the control group.

	Migrant		Non-migrant & Left-behind
	Mean	N	Mean	N	ATT	SE
Educational Performance
Word test score	22.04	183	21.34	1,858	0.70	(0.49)
Math test score	11.17	183	10.61	1,858	0.56*	(0.28)
Parent-reported Chinese grade	2.76	179	2.74	1,829	0.02	(0.08)
Parent-reported Math grade	2.61	180	2.65	1,829	−0.04	(0.09)
Political Knowledge	0.03	178	−0.09	1,826	0.12	(0.08)
Subjective Wellbeing
Depression	−0.04	185	−0.06	1,898	0.02	(0.08)
Positive self-perspective	0.00	185	0.03	1,908	−0.03	(0.09)
Inter-person Relationship
N of quarrels with parents last month	0.65	185	0.56	1,910	0.09	(0.20)
N of good friends	7.47	186	6.46	1,920	1.00	(0.74)
Time Use
Days/week doing housework/farming	3.25	185	2.49	1,916	0.77***	(0.20)
Hours/week studying	48.92	186	43.98	1,923	4.94***	(1.19)
Health & Nutrition
Height (cm)	147.82	179	145.81	1,810	2.00†	(1.03)
Weight (kg)	38.69	179	37.33	1,807	1.36†	(0.79)
N of food types eaten last month	5.43	186	4.85	1,923	0.58***	(0.14)
Interviewer’s Observation
Comprehension capability	5.33	186	5.14	1,918	0.19*	(0.09)
Mandarin fluency	5.15	186	4.66	1,918	0.49***	(0.10)
Intelligence	5.45	186	5.13	1,918	0.32***	(0.09)
Self-expression	5.51	186	5.20	1,918	0.31***	(0.09)
Parents care child's education	3.50	186	3.35	1,923	0.15**	(0.05)
Parents actively communicate with child	3.55	186	3.54	1,923	0.02	(0.05)

Note: SE = Bootstrap standard errors with 2,000 iterations; ATT = average treatment effects on the treated; N refers to the number of matched cases.

^†p < .1;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).