Table 1.
Acneigenic food components of Western diet
| Nutrients | Metabolic and nutrigenomic effects | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Hyperglycemic carbohydrates | Postprandial hyperinsulinemia | Sugar |
| Insulin-mediated hepatic IGF-1 synthesis | Sweets | |
| Reduction of IGFBP3 | Soft drinks | |
| Increased bioavailability of free circulating IGF-1 | Pizza | |
| Reduction of SHBG | Pasta | |
| Increased bioavailability of free circulating testosterone | Wheat bread | |
| Reduced nuclear activity of FoxO1 | Wheat rolls | |
| Increased expression of sebocyte SREBP-1c | Cornflakes | |
| Activation of mTORC1 | ||
| Glucose-mediated microRNA-21 expression | ||
| Milk and dairy products | Postprandial hyperinsulinemia | Whole and skim milk |
| Increased levels of circulating IGF-1 | Pasteurized fresh milk | |
| Leucine-mediated activation of mTORC1 | Yogurt | |
| Glutamine-mediated activation of mTORC1 | Ice cream | |
| Palmitate-mediated activation of mTORC1 | Whey and casein supplements | |
| Milk-microRNA-21-mediated proliferation and inflammation | Cheese | |
| Saturated fats | Palmitate-mediated activation of mTORC1 | Butter |
| Palmitate-driven inflammasome activation | Cream | |
| Trans-fats | Possible mTORC1 activation | Fast food |
| Proinflammatory signaling | French fries |
Abbreviations: IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP3, IGF binding protein 3; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; FoxO1, forkhead box O1; SREBP-1c, sterol response element binding protein 1c; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1.