Table 1.

Vulnerabilities, attacks and countermeasures.

	Vulnerabilities and Attacks	Countermeasures
NFC Tags	Tag Manipulation (i.e., NFC Worms, Phishing, DoS Attacks)	Digitally Signing Tags Using Tag Authentication
	Tag Cloning and Tag Impersonation	Digitally Signing Tags
	Tag Replacement and Tag Hiding	Protecting Tags with a Physical Shield
RF Communication	Eavesdropping	Using Secure Communication Channel
	MIM Attack	Attack is nearly impossible Using active-passive communication mode (RF field is continuously generated by one of the valid parties) Listening RF field when sending data
	Relay Attack	Using nonce Using physical proximity based information (e.g., temperature)
	Data Corruption	Checking the power of RF Field
	Data Modification	Changing Baud rate Monitoring RF Field Using Secure Communication Channel
	Data Insertion	Response with no delay from answering device Listening the channel by answering device Using Secure Communication Channel
SE	DoS Attack	Solutions needed
	Relay attack	Disabling internal mode communication
	By passing the applet PINs those controlled by Smartphone applications	Two-factor authentications New solutions needed
	Vulnerabilities in applets caused by erroneous codes	Genetic algorithms to search for vulnerabilities in applets Formal security analyses
	Cloning an asset (e.g., ticket, coupon)	Online verification before usage