Table 2. Subject (visual impairment in the worse eye) characteristics and EQ-5D /VAS index scores.
| Characteristics | Normal vision (n* = 16,780; N † = 23,250,495) | Mild VI (n* = 6,929; N † = 7,828,527) | Moderate VI (n* = 1,313; N † = 1,482,535) | Severe VI (n* = 668; N † = 708,787) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quality of life | |||||
| EQ-5D | 0.964(0.0007) | 0.927(0.0020) | 0.909(0.0052) | 0.901(0.0074) | < .0001 |
| EQ-VAS | 75.958(0.1496) | 72.424(0.2880) | 72.329(0.7486) | 68.482(0.9636) | < .0001 |
| Age, yr | 41.79(0.18) | 50.57(0.33) | 49.86(0.78) | 54.05(1.07) | < .0001 |
| Sex, female % | 46.64(0.43) | 56.97(0.75) | 62.98(1.76) | 54.68(2.46) | < .0001 |
| Education, % | |||||
| Elementary school | 11.54(0.39) | 31.62(0.79) | 33.93(1.68) | 39.94(2.51) | < .0001 |
| Middle school | 9.40(0.29) | 12.30(0.51) | 7.77(0.96) | 10.02(1.37) | |
| High school | 42.72(0.60) | 32.77(0.81) | 36.29(1.86) | 33.12(2.56) | |
| College | 36.34(0.67) | 23.32(0.74) | 22.02(1.55) | 16.92(2.22) | |
| Marital status, % | |||||
| Single | 23.39(0.63) | 18.36(0.74) | 23.31(1.86) | 18.30(2.29) | < .0001 |
| Married | 70.26(0.64) | 65.86(0.83) | 57.43(1.98) | 59.42(2.54) | |
| Divorce/widow/widower | 6.35(0.23) | 15.78(0.53) | 19.26(1.40) | 22.27(1.99) | |
| House income | |||||
| Lowest quartile % | 10.98(0.42) | 23.01(0.72) | 27.56(1.58) | 34.03(2.38) | < .0001 |
| Employed, % | 68.24(0.49) | 58.80(0.81) | 53.66(1.88) | 49.41(2.56) | < .0001 |
| Heavy alcohol drinker, % | 18.63(0.45) | 16.23(0.74) | 10.69(1.30) | 20.49(2.63) | < .0001 |
| Current Smoking, % | 28.12(0.46) | 22.62(0.69) | 20.38(1.52) | 23.53(2.35) | < .0001 |
| Stress level, | |||||
| Moderate or extreme % | 29.00(0.42) | 26.92(0.71) | 29.04(1.56) | 28.47(2.19) | 0.074 |
| Depressive mood (> = 2 wks), % | 12.22(0.31) | 15.01(0.56) | 16.17(1.27) | 16.43(1.82) | < .0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.64(0.04) | 23.80(0.06) | 23.41(0.15) | 23.28(0.18) | 0.005 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.70(0.12) | 81.79(0.18) | 80.17(0.39) | 81.25(0.50) | < .0001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 133.34(1.14) | 134.35(2.18) | 123.08(3.13) | 148.04(6.36) | 0.0004 |
| High blood pressure, % | 12.82(0.32) | 24.99(0.66) | 24.75(1.42) | 30.16(2.14) | < .0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 97.64(0.22) | 94.42(0.32) | 94.45(0.76) | 92.01(1.09) | < .0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, % | 1.56(0.11) | 4.05(0.26) | 5.33(0.68) | 7.34(1.27) | < .0001 |
| Stroke, % | 0.87(0.07) | 2.05(0.16) | 2.36(0.45) | 4.00(0.82) | < .0001 |
| MI or angina, % | 1.36(0.09) | 2.93(0.25) | 2.27(0.45) | 4.58(0.86) | < .0001 |
| Arthritis, % | 8.93(0.26) | 18.95(0.59) | 20.56(1.29) | 16.14(1.49) | < .0001 |
| HbA1C | 5.73(0.02) | 5.97(0.03) | 6.12(0.07) | 6.11(0.08) | < .0001 |
| DM, % | 4.44(0.18) | 9.20(0.41) | 10.36(1.01) | 12.66(1.48) | < .0001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SE, or % (SE)
* KNHNES participants
† Estimated number of the Korean population aged ≥19.
VI: Visual impairment, EQ-5D: EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, EQ-VAS: EQ-visual analogue scale, BMI: Body mass index, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, MI: Myocardial infarction, DM: Diabetes mellitus.