Table 3. Multivariate-adjusted odd ratios for the lowest quintile of the EQ-5D and EQ-visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for visual impairment groups in the better eye.

EQ-5D
	OR (95% CI)		P value		P value		P value
Model	Normal vision	Mild VI		Moderate VI		Severe VI
Model 1	1	2.38(2.18–2.60)	< .0001	2.42(1.91–3.06)	< .0001	3.64(2.29–5.79)	< .0001
Model 2	1	1.36(1.23–1.50)	< .0001	1.82(1.37–2.42)	< .0001	3.02(1.66–5.49)	0.0003
Model 3	1	1.09(0.94–1.26)	0.2389	1.63(1.08–2.47)	0.0194	3.23(1.38–7.54)	0.0069
Model 4	1	1.08(0.93–1.25)	0.3101	1.67(1.10–2.53)	0.0151	3.39(1.46–7.84)	0.0044
EQ-VAS
	OR (95% CI)		P value		P value		P value
Model	Normal vision	Mild VI		Moderate VI		Severe VI
Model 1	1	1.84(1.69–2.01)	< .0001	1.47(1.14–1.90)	0.003	2.23(1.44–3.47)	0.0004
Model 2	1	1.41(1.29–1.54)	< .0001	1.26(0.97–1.64)	0.0791	2.00(1.27–3.14)	0.0027
Model 3	1	1.25(1.11–1.41)	0.0002	1.29(0.91–1.82)	0.1488	1.65(0.98–2.77)	0.0601
Model 4	1	1.24(1.10–1.40)	0.0004	1.29(0.91–1.81)	0.1476	1.64(0.97–2.79)	0.0647

Model 1, no adjustments; Model 2, adjusted for age and sex; Model 3, adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, marital status, occupational status, smoking, alcohol, stress and presence of depression; Model 4, adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, marital status, occupational status, smoking, alcohol, stress, presence of depression other chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and chronic kidney disease).

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

VI: Visual impairment, EQ-5D: EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, EQ-VAS: EQ-visual analogue scale.