Table 4. Multivariate-adjusted odd ratios for the lowest quintile of the EQ-5D and EQ-visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for visual impairment groups in the worse eye.

EQ-5D
	OR (95% CI)		P value		P value		P value
Model	Normal vision	Mild VI		Moderate VI		Severe VI
Model 1	1	2.19(2.02–2.37)	< .0001	2.81(2.42–3.26)	< .0001	3.39(2.75–4.18)	< .0001
Model 2	1	1.31(1.19–1.43)	< .0001	1.70(1.45–1.99)	< .0001	1.85(1.43–2.38)	< .0001
Model 3	1	1.13(1.00–1.28)	0.0533	1.40(1.10–1.78)	0.0064	1.43(0.98–2.08)	0.0604
Model 4	1	1.11(0.98–1.26)	0.0955	1.42(1.11–1.81)	0.0050	1.55(1.06–2.23)	0.0241
EQ-VAS
	OR (95% CI)		P value		P value		P value
Model	Normal vision	Mild VI		Moderate VI		Severe VI
Model 1	1	1.65(1.53–1.79)	< .0001	1.72(1.46–2.03)	< .0001	2.62(2.15–3.19)	< .0001
Model 2	1	1.30(1.19–1.41)	< .0001	1.33(1.13–1.57)	0.0006	1.96(1.59–2.40)	< .0001
Model 3	1	1.16(1.03–1.29)	0.0105	1.18(0.93–1.50)	0.1740	1.66(1.26–2.19)	0.0003
Model 4	1	1.14(1.02–1.28)	0.0199	1.17(0.92–1.49)	0.1887	1.71(1.29–2.26)	0.0002

Model 1, no adjustments; Model 2, adjusted for age and sex; Model 3, adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, marital status, occupational status, smoking, alcohol, stress and presence of depression; Model 4, adjusted for age, sex, household income, education level, marital status, occupational status, smoking, alcohol, stress, presence of depression other chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and chronic kidney disease).

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

VI: Visual impairment, EQ-5D: EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, EQ-VAS: EQ-visual analogue scale.