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. 2014 Mar 17;18(6):1134–1143. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12260

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© 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Addition of vitamin C rescues caffeine-induced eye malformation. HH10 chick embryos were treated with 15 μmol/egg caffeine or 15 μmol/egg caffeine + 0.08 nmol/egg vitamin C for 7.5 days and immunostained with Pax6 antibody. (A–C) Representative appearance of control (A), caffeine (B) and caffeine + vitamin C-treated (C) embryos. The caffeine + vitamin C-treated embryos were morphologically indistinguishable from control embryos. (D and E) Transverse sections of control (D) and caffeine + vitamin C-treated (E) retina stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The histology shows that the retina between both groups are relatively similar in appearance. (F) Bar chart showing the incidence of eye malformation induced by caffeine is significantly reduced with the addition of vitamin C. (G and H) Control (G) and caffeine + vitamin C (H) retina immunofluorescently stained for Pax6 showing the expression between both groups are relatively similar. Scale bars = 2 mm in A–C; 50 μm in D and E and G and H.