Table 2. Dietary Intakes of Participants across Quartiles of Potential Renal Acid Load: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (n=1,405).
| Variable | Dietary acid-base load | P valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| PRAL, mEq/day | |||||
| Range | <-35.8 | -35.8 to -18 | -18 to -4 | >-4 | |
| Mean | -59.8±0.4 | -26.8±0.4 | -11.8±0.4 | 10.3±0.4 | |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2,581±19.5 | 2,229±18.5 | 2,223±18.2 | 2,617±18.4 | 0.52 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Carbohydrates energy, % | 61.1±0.2 | 58.9±0.3 | 58.1±0.2 | 57.8±0.3b | 0.001 |
| Fat energy, % | 28.9±0.4 | 30.1±0.4 | 30.2±0.4 | 31.0±0.4b | 0.002 |
| Protein energy, % | 14.8±0.1 | 14.4±0.1 | 14.5±0.1 | 15.9±0.1b | 0.001 |
| Saturated fat, g/day | 23.9±0.9 | 25.7±0.9 | 26.7±0.9 | 29.3±0.9b | 0.001 |
| Dietary fiber | 55.6±0.9 | 47.3±0.9 | 43.5±0.9 | 43.7±0.9b | 0.001 |
| Micronutrients, mg/day | |||||
| Calcium | 1,808±11.8 | 1,458±11.2 | 1,343±11.0 | 1,211±11.2b | 0.001 |
| Potassium | 6,137±23.1 | 4,735±21.9 | 4,143±21.5 | 3,464±21.8b | 0.001 |
| Phosphorus | 1,641±8.2 | 1,615±7.8 | 1,626±7.7 | 1,678±7.8b | 0.001 |
| Magnesium | 529.2±2.6 | 465.6±2.4 | 446.4±2.4 | 436.6±2.4b | 0.001 |
| Food groups, g/day | |||||
| Meat | 38.3±1.1 | 41.5±1.1 | 43.6±1.1 | 59.1±1.1b | 0.001 |
| Fish | 10.8±0.5 | 11.1±0.5 | 10.8±0.5 | 13.2±0.5 | 0.001 |
| Egg | 14.3±0.5 | 15.1±0.5 | 14.9±0.5 | 16.8±0.5 | 0.001 |
| Grains | 369±4.3 | 432±4.1 | 483±4.0 | 553±4.1b | 0.001 |
| Fruit | 618±9.2 | 446±8.7 | 338±8.6 | 195±8.7b | 0.001 |
| Vegetable | 428±4.9 | 332±4.7 | 280±4.6 | 230±4.7b | 0.001 |
| Dairy | 415±6.7 | 435±6.4 | 437±6.3 | 418±6.4 | 0.32 |
Values are expressed as mean±SE.
PRAL, potential renal acid load.
aAnalysis of covariance was used with adjustment for age, sex, and energy intake; bSignificant difference among the four quartiles (P<0.05; Bonferroni pairwise comparisons were done).