Figure 1.

(A) Intensity of reinfection with S. japonicum 18 months after treatment with PZQ, as predicted by cytokine ratios in responses to SWAP (N = 493). White and black bars represent the back-transformed LS mean intensity of reinfection for the upper and lower quintile of IL13/IL12 log cytokine-ratio distribution. Error bars represent SEs. LS mean estimates, SEs, and p-values for difference in means between quintiles are adjusted for confounders and clustering. Adapted from Ref. (26). (B) IgE responses to rSj97 (paramyosin) predict resistance to S. japonicum reinfection at 12 months post-treatment, and are attenuated by lgG₄. Least square (LS) means represent the mean reinfection egg burden after adjusting for potential confounders and clustering by household in a repeated measures model using the combined Sj97 IgE and lgG₄ response variable (p = 0.023 for time by combined lgE–lgG₄ variable interaction). Confounders in this model include age, gender, village of residence, exposure, and baseline intensity. p-values are for detailed comparisons between “lgG₄ only” and the rest of the groups. Error bars represent SEs. Reprinted from Ref. (27).