Table 1.
Fixed Effects Regression of Mean Math Scores (National Assessment of Educational Progress) on the Percentage of Children Living with Single Parents or No Parents: State Data, 1990–2011.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 4 | ||||
| % Single parent | −.051 (.048) | −.014 (.047) | −.013 (.049) | −.022 (.054) |
| % No parent | −.272** (.138) | −.142 (.121) | −.149 (.111) | −.152 (.113) |
| % Black | −.180* (.077) | −.158* (.074) | −.162* (.077) | |
| % Hispanic | −.020 (.062) | .040 (.068) | .036 (.067) | |
| % Mom high school | .200** (.071) | .208** (.073) | ||
| % Mom some college | .207** (.071) | .217** (.072) | ||
| % Mom college grad | .166* (.078) | .177* (.079) | ||
| % Poverty | .029 (.071) | |||
| Grade 8 | ||||
| % Single parent | −.017 (.080) | .082 (.093) | .041 (.090) | −.050 (.093) |
| % No parent | −.449 (.289) | −.346 (.258) | −.278 (.235) | −.391 (.252) |
| % Black | −.435* (.200) | −.340 (.182) | −.380* (.183) | |
| % Hispanic | −.011 (.130) | .145 (.141) | .121 (.137) | |
| % Mom high school | .652*** (.153) | .699*** (.156) | ||
| % Mom some college | .538*** (.129) | .603*** (.132) | ||
| % Mom college grad | .375** (.146) | .459** (.155) | ||
| % Poverty | .268* (.110) | |||
Table values are unstandardized regression coefficients with robust standard errors in parentheses. Results are based on 12 separate regression analyses with dummy variables for states and years. Total observations (states x years) = 382 for 4th grade and 404 for 8th grade.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001 (two-tailed).