Table 2.
Fixed Effects Regression of the Percentage of Children Scoring at a Below Basic Level of Math Proficiency (National Assessment of Educational Progress) on the Percentage of Children Living with Single Parents or No Parents: State Data, 1990–2011.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 4 | ||||
| % Single parent | .032 (.064) | −.045 (.061) | −.041 (.061) | −.024 (.068) |
| % No parent | .291 (.173) | .022 (.144) | .047 (.130) | .054 (.133) |
| % Black | .372** (.107) | .335** (.104) | .343** (.107) | |
| % Hispanic | .076 (.085) | −.022 (.094) | −.014 (.092) | |
| % Mom high school | −.335*** (.093) | −.353*** (.010) | ||
| % Mom some college | −.376*** (.088) | −.400*** (.091) | ||
| % Mom college grad | −.227* (.102) | −.251* (.107) | ||
| % Poverty | −.062 (.137) | |||
| Grade 8 | ||||
| % Single parent | .026 (.064) | −.027 (.069) | .005 (.069) | .023 (.073) |
| % No parent | .386* (.161) | .321 (.157) | .294 (.151) | .316* (.116) |
| % Black | .249* (.124) | .154 (.122) | .160 (.121) | |
| % Hispanic | .053 (.091) | −.102 (.100) | −.098 (.100) | |
| % Mom high school | −.553*** (.090) | −.562*** (.090) | ||
| % Mom some college | −.519*** (.097) | −.531*** (.097) | ||
| % Mom college grad | −.359*** (.107) | −.375*** (.110) | ||
| % Poverty | −.052 (.076) | |||
Table values are unstandardized regression coefficients with robust standard errors in parentheses. Results are based on 12 separate regression analyses with dummy variables for states and years. Total observations (states x years) = 382 for 4th grade math and 404 for 8th grade.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001 (two-tailed).