Table 2.
Risk factors associated with poor outcome
| Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | p value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Age | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | |
| Female | 0.001 | 0.652 | 0.96 (0.78–1.16) | |
| mRS score before onset | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| 0 | – | |||
| 1 | 0.297 | 0.85 (0.62–1.16) | ||
| 2 | 0.295 | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | ||
| 3 | 0.761 | 0.94 (0.62–1.39) | ||
| 4 | < 0.001 | 2.07 (1.47–2.92) | ||
| 5 | 0.012 | 1.57 (1.10–2.25) | ||
| WFNS classification | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 | – | |||
| 2 | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.61–3.21) | ||
| 3 | < 0.001 | 4.27 (3.01–6.15) | ||
| 4 | < 0.001 | 15.84 (11.38–22.47) | ||
| 5 | < 0.001 | 48.35 (33.86–70.30) | ||
| Site | < 0.001 | 0.013 | ||
| ACA | 0.087 | 1.46 (0.95–2.30) | ||
| Pcom | 0.953 | 1.01 (0.65–1.59) | ||
| Distal ICA | 0.463 | 1.24 (0.70–2.20) | ||
| Proximal ICA | – | |||
| MCA | 0.047 | 1.67 (1.01–2.81) | ||
| BA | 0.766 | 1.07 (0.69–1.70) | ||
| VA, PCA | 0.6 | 1.14 (0.70–1.89) | ||
| Size | < 0.001 | 0.524 | ||
| < 3 mm | – | |||
| 3–5 mm | 0.114 | 1.31 (0.94–1.85) | ||
| 5–10 mm | 0.098 | 1.33 (0.95–1.87) | ||
| 10–20 mm | 0.594 | 1.21 (0.59–2.48) | ||
| ≥ 20 mm | 0.448 | 1.67 (0.45–6.38) | ||
| Shape | < 0.001 | 0.227 | ||
| Small size/small neck | – | |||
| Small size/wide neck | 0.044 | 1.21 (1.00–1.45) | ||
| Large | 0.245 | 1.48 (0.76–2.89) | ||
| Giant | 0.291 | 2.22 (0.50–9.64) | ||
| Non-saccular | 0.352 | 1.58 (0.60–4.04) | ||
| Emergency surgery | < 0.001 | 0.512 | 1.12 (0.80–1.59) | |
| Responsible doctor | < 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| Supervisory doctor | – | |||
| Specialist | 0.004 | 1.29 (1.09–1.54) | ||
| Non-specialist | 0.029 | 1.40 (1.03–1.89) | ||
| General anesthesia | 0.08 | 0.945 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | |
| Day of treatment | < 0.001 | 0.308 | ||
| Within 24 hours | – | |||
| Within 72 hours | 0.987 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | ||
| Within 7 days | 0.86 | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | ||
| Within 14 days | 0.93 | 1.02 (0.59–1.77) | ||
| After 15 days | 0.032 | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | ||
| Angiography system used | 0.571 | |||
| 3D rotational angiography | 0.008 | 0.049 | 0.82 (0.68–1.00) | |
| Treatment strategy | 0.354 | |||
| Simple technique | ||||
| Balloon-assisted technique | ||||
| Double catheter technique | ||||
| Stent | ||||
| PAO | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Bioactive coil | 0.09 | 0.009 | 1.43 (1.09–1.86) | |
| Result of occlusion | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| AT | 0.01 | 3.54 (1.34–9.66) | ||
| BF | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.33–2.39) | ||
| NR | 0.826 | 1.98 (0.82–1.18) | ||
| CO | – | |||
| PAO | 0.018 | 2.60 (1.18–5.92) | ||
| Number of preoperative antiplatelet drugs used | 0.004 | 0.681 | ||
| 0 | – | |||
| 1 | 0.382 | 1.15 (0.84–1.55) | ||
| 2 | 0.572 | 0.82 (0.41–1.59) | ||
| 3 | 0.578 | 0.49 (0.02–6.26) | ||
| Perioperative hemorrhagic complications | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 2.72 (1.88–3.94) | |
| Ischemic complications | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 2.96 (2.17–4.05) | |
| Rebleeding | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 25.49 (11.19–66.22) | |
P values are for the comparison between favorable and unfavorable prognosis groups. P values in univariate analysis were calculated with chi-square test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Hazard ratios for poor prognosis were analyzed with the use of a multivariate Logistic regression model. ACA: anterior cerebral artery, AT: attempt, BA: basilar artery, BF: body filling, CI: confidence interval, CO: complete occlusion, ICA: internal carotid artery, MCA: middle cerebral artery, mRS: modified Rankin Scale, NR: neck remnant, PAO: parent artery occlusion, PCA: posterior cerebral artery, Pcom: posterior communicating artery, 3D: three dimensional, VA: vertebral artery, WFNS: World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.