Table 1.
Effect of environments (A), bocashi doses (B) and the interaction of environments × bocashi doses (C) in the physiological characteristics in oregano grown in two environments (shade-enclosure and open-field) under four bocashi doses (0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha-1).
| Chl a (μg cm2) |
Chl b (μg cm2) |
Chl total (μg cm2) |
SPAD readings | RWC (%) |
LWP (MPa) |
SMP (MPa) |
E (mmol m-2 s-1) | Gs (mol m-2 s-1) | A (μmol m-2 s-1) | WUE (μmolC02 μmol-1H2O) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) | ||||||||||||
| Environments | ||||||||||||
| Open-field | 15.36 a | 5.24 a | 20.61 a | 36.26 a | 82.38 a | -2.89 a | -7.64 b | 18.69 b | 0.94 b | 13.02 b | 0.73 a | |
| Shade-enclosure | 16.65 a | 5.62 a | 22.28 a | 35.76 a | 82.52 a | -2.67 a | -0.37 a | 24.40 a | 2.15 a | 17.34 a | 0.78 a | |
| (B) | ||||||||||||
| Bocashi (t ha-1) | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 15.59 a | 5.28 a | 20.87 a | 35.29 a | 81.58 b | -2.92 a | -5.34 a | 20.51 a | 1.16 b | 12.99 a | 0.64 b | |
| 3 | 15.81 a | 5.37 a | 21.19 a | 35.80 a | 81.76 b | -2.87 a | -4.40 a | 20.57 a | 1.28 b | 15.03 a | 0.64 b | |
| 6 | 16.28 a | 5.45 a | 21.73 a | 36.10 a | 82.10 ab | -2.70 a | -3.44 a | 22.13 a | 1.72 ab | 15.29 a | 0.70 ab | |
| 9 | 16.36 a | 5.63 a | 22.00 a | 36.85 a | 84.37 a | -2.64 a | -2.83 a | 22.99 a | 2.02 a | 17.40 a | 1.03 a | |
| (C) | ||||||||||||
| Environments | Bocashi (t ha-1) | |||||||||||
| Open-field | 0 | 14.94 a | 5.11 a | 20.06 a | 34.66 a | 81.41 a | -3.14 b | -10.34 a | 17.75 a | 0.70 c | 10.96 a | 0.61 a |
| Open-field | 3 | 15.15 a | 5.14 a | 20.29 a | 36.40 a | 82.22 a | -3.04 b | -8.58 a | 18.32 a | 0.84 c | 12.38 a | 0.64 a |
| Open-field | 6 | 15.38 a | 5.26 a | 20.65 a | 36.85 a | 82.74 a | -2.75 ab | -6.38 a | 19.28 a | 1.09 c | 12.90 a | 0.68 a |
| Open-field | 9 | 15.99 a | 5.46 a | 21.45 a | 37.14 a | 83.16 a | -2.66ab | -5.24 a | 19.42 a | 1.13 c | 15.85 a | 1.00 a |
| Shade-enclosure | 0 | 15.64 a | 5.28 a | 20.93 a | 34.18 a | 81.30 a | -3.10 b | -0.49 a | 21.72 a | 1.47 bc | 13.09a | 0.63 a |
| Shade-enclosure | 3 | 15.79 a | 5.29 a | 21.09 a | 35.36 a | 81.46 a | -2.74 ab | -0.42 a | 22.70 a | 1.63 bc | 17.68 a | 0.67 a |
| Shade-enclosure | 6 | 17.40 a | 5.77 a | 23.18 a | 36.57 a | 81.75 a | -2.59 ab | -0.34 a | 26.50 a | 2.60 ab | 18.96 a | 0.73 a |
| Shade-enclosure | 9 | 17.79 a | 6.15 a | 23.93 a | 36.95 a | 85.59 a | -2.24 a | -0.22 a | 26.70 a | 2.92 a | 19.63 a | 1.06 a |
RWC, relative water content; LWP, leaf water potential; SMP, soil matric potential; E, transpiration; Gs, stomatal conductivity; A, photosynthesis; WUE, water use efficiency. Values within the same column with same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD multiple range test). The data corresponds to the average values from the three sampling periods (September 16, October 16, and November 15, 2013).