Table 2.
Unadjusted associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, and Diabetes with moderate-severe periodontitis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Jackson, MS; Washington county, MD; Suburban Minneapolis, MN; and Forsyth County, NC; 1996–1998 (N=6,129)
| Full-mouth exam* | PRP 1† | PRP 2‡ | PRP 3§ | PRP 4|| | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Cases | Non- cases |
POR (95% C.L) | Cases | Non- cases |
POR (95% C.L) | Cases | Non- cases |
POR (95% C.L) | Cases | Non- cases |
POR (95% C.L) | Cases | Non- cases |
POR (95% C.L) | |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1,410 | 1,522 | 1. | 514 | 2,418 | 1. | 337 | 2,595 | 1. | 752 | 2,180 | 1. | 1,139 | 1,793 | 1. |
| Former | 1,592 | 899 | 1.91 (1.71, 2.13) | 656 | 1,835 | 1.68 (1.48, 1.92) | 499 | 1,992 | 1.93 (1.66, 2.24) | 942 | 1,549 | 1.76 (1.57, 1.98) | 1,327 | 1,164 | 1.80 (1.61, 2.00) |
| Current | 524 | 182 | 3.11 (2.59, 3.73) | 280 | 426 | 3.09 (2.59, 3.70) | 238 | 468 | 3.92 (3.23, 4.75) | 379 | 327 | 3.36 (2.84, 3.98) | 478 | 228 | 3.30 (2.77, 3.93) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 2,160 | 1,744 | 1. | 882 | 3,022 | 1. | 672 | 3,232 | 1. | 1,264 | 2,640 | 1. | 1,801 | 2,103 | 1. |
| <5 drinks/week | 555 | 409 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.26) | 195 | 769 | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | 142 | 822 | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 321 | 643 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 450 | 514 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) |
| 5–10 drinks/week | 371 | 236 | 1.27 (1.07, 1.51) | 156 | 451 | 1.19 (0.97, 1.44) | 102 | 505 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 213 | 394 | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 317 | 290 | 1.28 (1.08, 1.51) |
| >10 drinks/week | 440 | 214 | 1.66 (1.39, 1.98) | 227 | 437 | 1.70 (1.42, 2.04) | 158 | 496 | 1.53 (1.26, 1.87) | 275 | 379 | 1.52 (1.28, 1.80) | 376 | 278 | 1.58 (1.34, 1.87) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| Normal (<25) | 880 | 748 | 1. | 383 | 1,245 | 1. | 271 | 1,357 | 1. | 506 | 1,122 | 1. | 724 | 904 | 1. |
| Overweight (25–<30) | 1,459 | 1,084 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.30) | 555 | 1,988 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 431 | 2,112 | 1.02 (0.87, 1.21) | 862 | 1,681 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) | 1,232 | 1,311 | 1.17 (1.04, 1.33) |
| Obese (≥30) | 1,187 | 771 | 1.31 (1.15, 1.50) | 512 | 1,446 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.34) | 372 | 1,586 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.40) | 705 | 1,253 | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44) | 988 | 970 | 1.27 (1.12, 1.45) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | |||||||||||||||
| No | 2,983 | 2,327 | 1. | 1,214 | 4,096 | 1. | 887 | 4,423 | 1. | 1,738 | 3,572 | 1. | 2,476 | 2,834 | 1. |
| Yes | 543 | 276 | 1.54 (1.32, 1.79) | 236 | 583 | 1.37 (1.16, 1.61) | 187 | 632 | 1.48 (1.24, 1.76) | 335 | 484 | 1.42 (1.22, 1.65) | 468 | 351 | 1.53 (1.32, 1.77) |
Full-mouth periodontal examination (6 sites per tooth for all teeth in the mouth except 3rd molars).
Partial mouth protocol based on Ramfjörd teeth (6 teeth and six sites measured per tooth)
Partial mouth protocol based on the NIDCR method which involves selection of a quadrant at random and its contralateral quadrant (examining only the MB and B sites per tooth)
Partial mouth recording protocol based on 2 randomly selected quadrants but examining the MB, B and DL sites.
Partial mouth recording protocol based on random selection of 42 sites per individual.
POR-prevalence odds ratio, C.L-Confidence limits. All case definition for periodontitis were based on the Centers for Disease Control-American Association for periodontology (CDC-AAP) case classification.