Table 2.
Gender-specific adjusted hazard ratio of waterpipe (WP) smoking progression among school based sample of adolescents in Irbid, Jordan 2008-2011a
| Boys | Girls | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Potential predictors | AHR (95% CI)b | AHR (95% CI)b |
| Socio-demographic | ||
|
| ||
| Age (Years) | 0.97 (0.81-1.15) | 1.19 (1.02-1.38)* |
| Father's education (>High school) | 1.27 (0.94-1.70) | (−) |
| Mother's education (>High school) | 1.39 (1.04-1.85)* | 0.91 (0.70-1.19) |
| Daily allowance (Piaster/day) c | 1.26 (0.96-1.65) | 0.80 (0.58-1.10) |
| School type (public) | 3.19 (2.01-5.05)** | 1.23 (0.85-1.79) |
|
| ||
| Individual factors | ||
|
| ||
| Ever smoked cigarettes | (−) | 1.51 (1.12-2.04)** |
| Higher physical activity | 1.24 (1.08-1.41)** | (−) |
| Belief WP smoker has more friendsd | 0.84 (0.64-1.12) | (−) |
| Belief WP smoker is attractived | 1.20 (0.90-1.60) | (−) |
| Belief WP decreases body weight | 1.28 (0.97-1.69) | (−) |
| Belief it is easy to quit WP after smoking a year | (−) | 1.29 (0.97-1.73) |
| Belief WP is harmful to health | 0.65 (0.47-0.88)** | 0.83 (0.58-1.20) |
| Refusal self-efficacy | 1.08 (0.60-1.94) | 1.21 (0.68-2.14) |
|
| ||
| Social factors | ||
|
| ||
| Dangers of smoking discussed by family | 0.95 (0.71-1.27) | 0.76 (0.41-1.41) |
| At least one parent knows you smoke | (−) | 1.01 (0.75-1.36) |
| Has at least one parent smokes WP | 0.78 (0.58-1.04) | 1.01 (0.75-1.36) |
| Has siblings smoke WP | 0.97 (0.72-1.29) | 1.39 (1.03-1.89)* |
| Has friends smoke WP | 0.60 (0.36-1.01) | 1.86 (1.33-2.60)** |
| Good relation with siblings | (−) | 0.88 (0.55-1.40) |
| Good relation with classmates | 1.26 (0.71-2.23) | (−) |
| Good relation with teachers | 0.70 (0.44-1.11) | 0.97 (0.63-1.49) |
| Saw advertisement warn from smoking | 1.07 (0.80-1.44) | (−) |
| Teachers smoke in front of the students | 0.95 (0.69-1.31) | 0.98 (0.78-1.34) |
| Warning labels seen WP tobacco packs | 0.92 (0.69-1.21) | 0.54 (0.40-0.73)** |
| Seeing actors smoking in the movies | 0.58 (0.41-0.80)** | 1.54 (0.76-3.11) |
| Friends smoking * Low refusal self-efficacy | 3.25 (1.54-6.88)** | (−) |
| Dangers discussed * low refusal self-efficacy | (−) | 2.24 (1.12-4.51)* |
a
Analysis is weighted by the inverse probability of school chosen.
b
Adjusted hazard ratio and its 95% confidence interval.
c
Jordanian currency ($1=70 Piaster).
d
Were correlated (correlation coefficient = 0.42) and thus they were entered to the model separately and the model that have the higher fit was reported here [lower Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)].
*
P-value less than 0.05
**
P-value less than 0.01