FIG 1.

Itaconate and mesaconate metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia xenovorans (adapted from reference 11). Enzymes: 1, succinyl-CoA:itaconate-CoA transferase (referred to in the text as itaconate-CoA transferase); 2, itaconyl-CoA isomerase/mesaconyl-CoA hydratase (referred to in the text as itaconyl-CoA hydratase); 3, (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase; 4, mesaconase. Note that itaconate-CoA transferase is able to catalyze both itaconate and (S)-citramalate activation (11) and that succinyl-CoA synthetase is capable of activating itaconate as well.