TABLE 1.
Phenotypic heterogeneity and/or bistability trait(s) | Microorganism(s) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Presence of persister cells, resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals | Staphylococcus sp., E. coli, S. Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and others | 37–39, 41 and references herein |
SOS responsea | E. coli, C. glutamicum | 54, 89 |
Response to peptide antibiotics | B. subtilis | 90 |
Prophage induction | C. glutamicum, S. oneidensis, S. pneumoniae | 54–56 |
Quorum sensing, presence of autoinducer synthesis genes | V. campbellii, V. fischeri, L. monocytogenes, D. shibae, P. syringae, P. putida, S. fredii, S. meliloti | 13, 19, 23–25, 29, 30, 32–34, 91 |
Arabinose utilization | E. coli | 63, 64 |
Polyhydroxybutyrate utilization | S. meliloti | 92 |
Secretion of related genes | S. fredii | 30 |
Quorum quenching genes | S. fredii | 30 |
Motility, secondary-flagellum formation | S. putrefaciens, S. Typhimurium | 68, 93 |
Biofilm escape, motility after putisolvin production | P. putida | 33 |
Genomic island excision/transfer | M. loti, Pseudomonas knackmussii | 28, 94, 95 |
Bacterial competence, DNA uptake | B. subtilis, S. mutans | 71–74 |
Sporulation | B. subtilis | 9, 96, 97 |
Colony heterogeneity | S. aureus | 7 |
Increased lag phase | E. coli | 8 |
Surface pilus formation | S. pneumoniae | 98 |
Myo-inositol utilization | S. enterica | 99 |
Biofilm formation | S. enterica, B. subtilis | 100, 101 |
Antibiotic production | Streptomyces coelicolor | 102 |
The SOS response is in part linked to the formation of persister cells (see reference 39 and references therein).