Table 1.
Study Cohort Characteristics
| Characteristics | Any drug overdose event* | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 205,484) | Yes (N = 1385) | (N = 206,869) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Women, n (%) | 116,585 (56.7) | 887 (64.0) | 117,472 (56.8) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 44.1 (12.0) | 42.5 (12.4) | 44.1 (12.0) |
| U.S. Region, n (%) | |||
| Midwest | 11,950 (5.8) | 78 (5.6) | 12,028 (5.8) |
| Northeast | 60,146 (29.3) | 421 (30.4) | 60,567 (29.3) |
| South | 96,413 (46.9) | 659 (47.6) | 97,072 (46.9) |
| West | 36,975 (18.0) | 227 (16.4) | 37,202 (18.0) |
| Clinical conditions†, n (%) | |||
| Non-cancer pain conditions | |||
| Large joint arthritis, other musculoskeletal‡ | 101,577 (49.4) | 739 (53.4) | 102,316 (49.5) |
| Back pain | 79,801 (38.8) | 722 (52.1) | 80,523 (38.9) |
| Neuropathy | 1762 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 1788 (0.9) |
| Chronic pain (unspecified) | 13,874 (6.8) | 337 (24.3) | 14,211 (6.9) |
| Headache | 14,460 (7.0) | 175 (12.6) | 14,635 (7.1) |
| Mental health and substance use disorders | |||
| Anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder | 30,308 (14.8) | 579 (41.8) | 30,887 (14.9) |
| Depression | 25,466 (12.4) | 757 (54.7) | 26,223 (12.7) |
| Psychosis | 5268 (2.6) | 335 (24.2) | 5603 (2.7) |
| Alcohol abuse | 4283 (2.1) | 354 (25.6) | 4637 (2.2) |
| Other substance abuse | 4044 (2.0) | 376 (27.2) | 4420 (2.1) |
* P value for comparison of all variables was <0.001 except for region (0.43)
† Clinical conditions diagnosed at any point in study time frame. ICD-9-CM codes available from authors
‡ Arthritis, arthralgia, fracture, sprains