Table 4.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Drug Overdose Associated with Significant Interactions of Opioid Analgesics and Selected Psychotherapeutic Drugs with Mental Health Conditions
| Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI)* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Opioid analgesic dose (average daily dose per 6-month interval) | Depression=no | Depression=yes |
| 0 mg | 1 | 3.96 (3.00, 5.24) |
| 1–19 mg | 0.80 (0.50, 1.27) | 4.75 (3.24, 6.97) |
| 20–49 mg | 1.54 (1.23, 1.94) | 5.47 (4.23, 7.09) |
| 50–99 mg | 2.08 (1.61, 2.69) | 6.44 (4.85, 8.54) |
| ≥100 mg | 4.34 (3.37, 5.57) | 7.06 (5.30, 9.42) |
| Antidepressant therapy (days per 6-month interval) | Depression=no | Depression=yes |
| None | 1 | 5.25 (4.25, 6.48) |
| 1–30 day | 1.98 (1.48, 2.65) | 5.51 (4.14, 7.34) |
| 31–90 day | 1.59 (1.18, 2.15) | 4.39 (3.39, 5.68) |
| 91–180 day | 1.33 (1.05, 1.68) | 4.15 (3.36, 5.12) |
| Benzodiazepine therapy (days per 6-month interval) | Anxiety/PTSD=no | Anxiety/PTSD=yes |
| None | 1 | 1.29 (0.99, 1.70) |
| 1–30 day | 1.79 (1.41, 2.26) | 2.20 (1.62, 3.00) |
| 31–90 day | 2.62 (2.06, 3.34) | 2.03 (1.49, 2.78) |
| 91–180 day | 2.85 (2.34, 3.48) | 2.56 (1.97, 3.32) |
| Zolpidem therapy (days per 6-month interval) | Anxiety/PTSD=no | Anxiety/PTSD=yes |
| None | 1 | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) |
| 1–30 | 1.67 (1.21, 2.3) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.72) |
| 31–90 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.57) | 1.77 (1.25, 2.51) |
| 91–180 | 1.54 (1.2, 1.99) | 1.30 (0.96, 1.77) |
*Other variables in the model include: opioid daily MED category, time interval, age, gender, region, five chronic non-cancer pain conditions, anxiety/PTSD, depression, psychotic disorder, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, antidepressant therapy, benzodiazepine therapy and zolpidem per 6-month interval (four levels: none, 1–30 days, 31–90 days, 91–180 days)