Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Event Rates for the Study Sample (n = 5,662)
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 66.2 (10.4) |
| Female, n (%) | 3,462 (61.1) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| White | 4,815 (85.0) |
| Black | 694 (12.3) |
| Other | 153 (2.7) |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 448 (7.9) |
| Married, n (%) | 3,737 (66.0) |
| High school degree or above, n (%) | 4,521 (79.8) |
| Veteran, n (%) | 1,198 (21.2) |
| Working for pay, n (%) | 2,373 (41.9) |
| Total household income*, n (%) | |
| 1st quartile | 1,267 (22.4) |
| 2nd quartile | 1,378 (24.3) |
| 3rd quartile | 1,449 (25.6) |
| 4th quartile | 1,568 (27.7) |
| Any insurance, n (%) | 5,352 (94.5) |
| Biomedical conditions | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 994 (16.7) |
| Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 8.59 (7.57) |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis, mean (SD), years | 58.73 (10.63) |
| Diabetes well controlled, n (%)† | 877 (92.9) |
| Taking oral diabetes medications, n (%)† | 701 (74.3) |
| Using insulin, n (%)† | 168 (17.8) |
| Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)† | 69 (7.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,023 (53.4) |
| Hypertension well controlled, n (%)† | 2,905 (96.1) |
| Taking oral hypertension medications, n (%)† | 2,689 (89.0) |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 833 (14.7) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 774 (13.7) |
| Lung disease, n (%) | 491 (8.7) |
| Arthritis, n (%) | 3,259 (57.6) |
| Psychological characteristics | |
| Constraints, median (Q1,Q3), range 1–6 | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) |
| Mastery, median (Q1,Q3), range 1–6 | 5.0 (4.2, 5.6) |
| Health-specific control, median (Q1,Q3), range 0–10 | 8 (6, 9) |
| Positive affect, mean (SD), range 1–5 | 3.60 (0.68) |
| Negative affect, mean (SD), range 1–5 | 1.60 (0.64) |
| Psychiatric problems, n (%) | 843 (14.9) |
| CESD8, mean (SD), range 0–8 | 1.32 (1.87) |
| Functional characteristics | |
| Problems with memory, n (%) | 97 (1.7) |
| Number of ADLs‡ with difficulty, mean (SD), range 0–5 | 0.20 (0.65) |
| Number of IADLs‡ with difficulty, mean (SD), range 0–5 | 0.15 (0.56) |
| Health behaviors | |
| Vigorous activity more than once per week, n (%) | 1,404 (24.8) |
| Smoking now, n (%) | 767 (13.5) |
| Ever smoked, n (%) | 3,105 (54.8) |
| Events | |
| Composite outcome§, n (%) | 483 (8.5) |
| Deaths, n (%) | 465 (8.2) |
| Incident strokes, n (%) | 173 (3.1) |
| Incident myocardial infarction, n (%) | 129 (2.3) |
*Quartiles assigned based on distribution of incomes from all 13,877 individuals who met all selection criteria aside from having psychological data in 2006
†Proportion of all those with a relevant health condition
‡Count of the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) for which respondent answered as having at least some difficulty
§Composite outcome includes incident stroke or myocardial infarction and death