Table 3.
Composite and Individual Outcomes by Psychological Groups Based on Level of Perceived Constraints and Health-specific Control
| Perceived constraints* | Low | High | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-specific control* | High (n = 1,859) | Low (n = 680) | High (n = 1,470) | Low (n = 1,653) |
| Composite outcome | ||||
| Adjusted† hazard ratios (95 % CI) | 1 | 1.44 (1.00–2.07) | 1.65 (1.22–2.23) | 1.93 (1.41–2.64) |
| Adjusted† p-value | — | 0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Events, n (rate)‡ | 82 (11.3) | 51 (19.6) | 129 (23.3) | 216 (36.4) |
| Individual outcomes | ||||
| Incident stroke, n (rate)ǂ | 32 (4.4) | 21 (7.9) | 55 (9.7) | 65 (10.8) |
| Incident heart attack, n (rate)‡ | 22 (3.0) | 14 (5.3) | 41 (7.3) | 47 (7.8) |
| Death, n (rate)ǂ | 85 (9.4) | 48 (14.6) | 116 (16.4) | 216 (28.2) |
*Low and high were determined by whether scores were below or at least equal to the median, respectively
†Discrete time-to-event model included psychological groups (based on perceived constraints and health-specific control), main biomedical predictors (diabetes and hypertension), perceived mastery (in quartiles), self-reported heart disease, lung disease, cancer, psychological problems, arthritis, memory difficulties, baseline smoking, vigorous activity more than once a week, difficulty with activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), score on the 8-question Centers of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD8), and scores for positive and negative affect; see Methods for full variable definitions
‡Rate calculated as number of events per 1,000 person-years of follow-up