Table 5. Effects of perinatal choline status on metabolomic profiles of 4-wk-old piglets 1 .
| Treatment (Prenatal/Postnatal) | P-Value 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolite | Pathway | CS/CS | CS/CD | CD/CS | CD/CD | SEM | Pre | Post | Pre x Post |
| N-acetylmethionine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.27 |
| Glutamine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.41 |
| Glycine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.19 |
| Histidine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.91 |
| Lysine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.77 |
| Phenylalanine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.82 |
| Tryptophan | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.70 |
| Tyrosine | Amino Acid | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.59 |
| 3-phosphoglycerate | Carbohydrate | 1.00 a | 1.29 ab | 1.41 b | 1.05 a | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.75 | 0.01 |
| Glucose | Carbohydrate | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.29 |
| Lactate | Carbohydrate | 1.00 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.20 |
| Phosphoenolpyruvate | Carbohydrate | 1.00 a | 1.46 ab | 1.91 b | 1.07 a | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.02 |
| Pyruvate | Carbohydrate | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.70 | 0.36 |
| 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine | Lipid | 1.00 b | 0.72 a | 0.57 a | 0.60 a | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| 1-myristoylglycerophosphocholine | Lipid | 1.00 b | 0.68 a | 0.55 a | 0.73 a | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.01 |
| 1-palmitoleoylglycerophosphocholine | Lipid | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| 3-dehydrocarnitine | Lipid | 1.00 ab | 1.49 c | 0.98 a | 1.18 b | 0.06 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| 3-hydroxybutyrate | Lipid | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.27 |
| Acetylcarnitine | Lipid | 1.00 a | 1.85 c | 0.88 a | 1.36 b | 0.08 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Arachidonic Acid (20:4n6) | Lipid | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.07 | 1.22 | 0.13 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
| Carnitine | Lipid | 1.00 | 3.05 | 1.16 | 2.69 | 0.14 | 0.46 | <0.01 | 0.06 |
| Deoxycarnitine | Lipid | 1.00 a | 1.25 b | 1.21 b | 0.98 a | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.85 | <0.01 |
| Dimethylglycine | Lipid | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.87 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.63 | <0.01 | 0.11 |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n3) | Lipid | 1.00 | 1.71 | 1.05 | 1.25 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
| Dodecanedioate | Lipid | 1.00 | 1.23 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 0.10 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.85 |
| Glycerol-3-phosphate | Lipid | 1.00 | 0.16 | 0.89 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.92 | 0.04 | 0.67 |
| Sarcosine | Lipid | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.02 | 0.58 | 0.11 | 0.76 | <0.01 | 0.65 |
| Adenosine 5’-monophosphate | Nucleotide | 1.00 a | 2.42 ab | 2.78 b | 0.75 a | 0.57 | 0.92 | 0.60 | 0.01 |
| Pantothenate | Vitamin | 1.00 ab | 1.05 b | 1.06 b | 0.86 a | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
abcMeans within a row and without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
1Values are means of 8 replicate pigs exposed to prenatal and postnatal choline treatments (e.g., CS/CS as the control group) with blood collected from piglets at 27–30 d of age. Data presented as fold-change relative CS/CS treatment group. CD, choline deficient; CS, choline sufficient.
2Pre, main effect of prenatal choline status; Post, main effect of postnatal choline status; Pre x Post, interactive effect of prenatal and postnatal choline statuses.