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. 2015 Jun;35(3):173–179.

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© Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Fig. 4. — Cross-sectional a) sagittal and b) parasagittal view show the visual field of the two endoscopes with the combined transorbital and transnasal approach. To allow a correct view, the orbital content and part of the lamina papyracia have been removed in (a). Transorbital approach provides coplanar trajectory of skull base while endonasal view provide basal control. (OR) orbital roof, (aEA) anterior ethmoid artery, (pEA) posterior ethmoid artery, (OA) ophthalmic artery, (ON) optic nerve, (PG) pituitary gland, (CH) optic chiasma, (PS) pituitary stalk, (SS) sphenoid sinus, (ICA) internal carotid artery.