Table 4. Summary meta-analyses.
| Meta-analyses | I2 (%) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative vs standard/control interventions | |||
| Pain intensity (VAS) | |||
| at <3 months | 70.0 | -12.90, 2.19 | 0.164 |
| at 6 months | 63.8 | -20.14, -3.38 | 0.005* |
| at 1–3 years | 0.0 | -25.44, -3.19 | 0.012* |
| CROM in sagittal plane | |||
| at 6 months | 10.9 | -3.61, 9.17 | 0.394 |
| at 3 years | 60.5 | -7.78, 27.69 | 0.271 |
| CROM in coronal plane | |||
| at <3 months | 64.2 | -5.78, 6.48 | 0.911 |
| at 6 months | 0.0 | -1.89, 6.42 | 0.285 |
| at 3 years | 64.1 | -5.83, 16.99 | 0.338 |
| CROM in horizontal plane | |||
| at < 3 months | 0.0 | 0.43, 5.60 | 0.022* |
| at 6 months | 55.1 | -16.04, 8.48 | 0.545 |
| at 3 years | 19.0 | -6.80, 16.51 | 0.415 |
| Sick leave (days) | 0.0 | -39.02, 3.83 | 0.107 |
| Active vs passive interventions | |||
| Pain intensity (VAS) | |||
| at <3 months | 76.3 | -10.51, 6.07 | 0.599 |
| at 6 months | 56.9 | -17.19, -3.23 | 0.004* |
| at 1–3 years | 0.0 | -26.39, -10.08 | < 0.001* |
| CROM in sagittal plane | |||
| at <3 months | 80.6 | -17.73, 8.69 | 0.452 |
| at 6 months | 0.0 | -1.69, 8.44 | 0.192 |
| at 3 years | 60.5 | -7.78, 27.69 | 0.271 |
| CROM in coronal plane | |||
| at <3 months | 82.2 | -6.94, 6.15 | 0.905 |
| at 6 months | 0.0 | -1.13, 5.99 | 0.180 |
| at 3 years | 64.1 | -6.83, 16.99 | 0.338 |
| CROM in horizontal plane | |||
| at <3 months | 85.2 | -8.96, 12.35 | 0.755 |
| at 6 months | 69.4 | -11.28, 12.81 | 0.892 |
| at 3 years | 19.0 | -6.80, 16.51 | 0.415 |
| Sick leave (days) | 0.0 | -39.02, 3.83 | 0.107 |
| Behavioural vs standard/control interventions | |||
| Pain intensity (VAS) | |||
| at 6 weeks | 70.0 | -12.90, 2.19 | 0.164 |
| at 6 months | 44.2 | -15.37, -1.55 | 0.016* |
| CROM in coronal plane | |||
| at 3–6 months | 0.0 | 0.93, 4.38 | 0.003* |
| CROM in horizontal plane | |||
| at 3–6 months | 0.0 | 0.43, 5.46 | 0.027* |
| Early vs late interventions | |||
| Pain intensity (VAS) | |||
| at 6 months | 79.2 | -25.74, 18.21 | 0.737 |
| at 3 years | 0.0 | -12.51, 9.85 | 0.816 |
| CROM in sagittal plane | |||
| at 6 months | 51.3 | -13.16, 17.02 | 0.802 |
| at 3 years | 60.5 | -11.35, 24.04 | 0.482 |
| CROM in coronal plane | |||
| at 6 months | 27.0 | -8.93, 6.92 | 0.803 |
| at 3 years | 64.0 | -12.95, 9.96 | 0.799 |
| CROM in horizontal plane | |||
| at 6 months | 75.9 | -20.66, 27.31 | 0.786 |
| at 3 years | 19.1 | -4.86, 20.25 | 0.230 |
| Sick leave (days) | 0.0 | -13.37, 28.40 | 0.481 |
* Statistical significance (p < 0.05)