Table 1. Description of the Biological Samples.
| designationa | preparation conditionsb | V contentc,d,e | beamlineg |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1, B1 | 1.0 mM V, newborn calf serum (4 h at 310 K) | 20 ± 5d | ANBF, SSRL |
| A2a, B2a | 1.0 mM V, advanced DMEM, 2% serum (4 h at 310 K) | 55 ± 5d | ANBF |
| A2b, B2b | 1.0 mM V, advanced DMEM, 2% serum (8 h at 310 K) | 54 ± 5d | ANBF |
| A2c, B2c | 1.0 mM V, advanced DMEM, 2% serum (16 h at 310 K) | 52 ± 6d | ANBF |
| A2d, B2d | 1.0 mM V, advanced DMEM, 2% serum (24 h at 310 K) | 52 ± 4d | ANBF |
| A3a, B3a | HepG2 cells, 1.0 mM V, complete medium, 4 h, 310 K | 8.2 ± 1.2 (A3a)e 10.9 ± 0.8 (B3a)e | SSRL |
| A3b, B3b | HepG2 cells, 1.0 mM V, complete medium, 8 h, 310 K | 4.8 ± 0.6 (A3b)e 8.2 ± 1.1 (B3b)e | SSRL |
| A3c, B3c | HepG2 cells, complete medium, 1.0 mM V, 16 h, 310 K | 9.7 ± 1.2e | SSRL |
| A3d, B3d | HepG2 cells, complete medium, 1.0 mM V, 24 h, 310 K | 7 ± 3d 12.3 ± 2.4e | SSRL |
| A4a | A549 cells, 1.0 mM A for 24 h (whole cells) | 2.0 ± 0.4e | SSRL |
| A4b | A549 cells, 1.0 mM A for 24 h (nuclear fraction) | not measuredf | SSRL |
| A4c | A549 cells, 1.0 mM A for 24 h (low-molecular-mass cytoplasmic fraction) | not measuredf | SSRL |
| A5a | 3T3-L1 cells (differentiated), 1.0 mM Ah in a complete medium for 24 h | 7.2 ± 1.1e | ANBF |
| A5b | 3T3-L1 cells (undifferentiated), 1.0 mM A in a complete medium for 8 h | 3.5 ± 0.5e | SSRL |
| A5c | 3T3-L1 cells (undifferentiated), 0.10 mM A in a complete medium for 72 h | 2.8 ± 0.4e | SSRL |
| A6a | 1.0 mM A, DMEM, 10% serum (24 h at 310 K) | 45 ± 5d | ANBF |
Designations of the vanadium complexes A and B correspond to those in Chart 1.
All of the samples were freeze-dried after the reactions (15 h at 220 K; see the Experimental Section for details).
Averages and standard deviations for three aliquots of the same sample; see the Experimental Section for details.
Values in nmol of V per mg of solid (measured by GFAAS; see the Experimental Section).
Values in nmol of V per mg of protein (measured by GFAAS and Bradford assays).42
Determination of the V content was difficult because of the small sample size.
Beamlines at which XANES data were collected: ANBF = Australian National Beamline Facility, Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan; SSRL = Stanford Synchrotron Research Lightsource, Stanford, CA.
Data for the cell samples treated with either 0.50 or 2.0 mM A were also collected (Figure S6a in the SI).