Table 1.
Clinical Symptoms and Signs and STI among Women with Acute (AI) and Early (EI) versus HIV-NCs.
| Characteristic | AI (n = 26), n (%) | EI (n = 192), n (%) | NC (n = 654), n (%) | P Valuea | OR (95% CI)b HIV+ versus HIV− | Multivariable OR (95% CI)c HIV+ versus HIV− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomsd | ||||||
| Unexplained fever | 5 (19.23) | 19 (9.9) | 20 (3.06) | <.0001 | 3.9 (2.1-7.3) | 2.7 (1.2-6.4) |
| Night sweats | 2 (7.69) | 6 (3.13) | 16 (2.45) | .1974 | 1.5 (0.6-3.6) | |
| Weight loss | 1 (3.85) | 21 (10.94) | 7 (1.07) | <.0001 | 10.4 (4.4-24.6) | 8.5 (2.5-28.9) |
| Fatigue | 2 (7.69) | 17 (8.85) | 9 (1.38) | <.0001 | 6.8 (3-15.4) | 3.4 (1.3-9.2) |
| Diarrhea | 0 (0) | 4 (2.08) | 1 (0.15) | .0223 | 12.2 (1.4-109.5) | |
| Yeast | 0 (0) | 18 (9.38) | 33 (5.05) | .0455 | 1.7 (0.9-3.1) | |
| Swollen glands | 0 (0) | 3 (1.56) | 0 (0) | .0174 | N/A | |
| Unexplained severe rash | 0 (0) | 5 (2.6) | 10 (1.53) | .5889 | 1.5 (0.5-4.5) | |
| Headaches | 5 (19.23) | 29 (15.1) | 59 (9.02) | .0157 | 1.9 (1.2-2.9) | |
| Nausea | 3 (11.54) | 13 (6.77) | 30 (4.59) | .1270 | 1.6 (0.9-3.1) | |
| Abnormal vaginal discharge | 1 (3.85) | 28 (14.58) | 30 (4.59) | <.0001 | 3.2 (1.9-5.5) | |
| Genital itching | 3 (11.54) | 32 (16.67) | 71 (10.86) | .0955 | 1.6 (1-2.4) | |
| Abdominal pain | 5 (19.23) | 13 (6.77) | 33 (5.05) | .0163 | 1.7 (0.9-3.1) | |
| Pain during sex | 1 (3.85) | 10 (5.21) | 23 (3.52) | .4861 | 1.5 (0.7-3) | |
| Genital warts | 1 (3.85) | 1 (0.52) | 2 (0.31) | .0978 | 3 (0.4-21.5) | |
| Signs | ||||||
| Inguinal adenopathy | 3 (11.54) | 51 (26.98) | 46 (7.13) | <.0001 | 4.4 (2.8-6.7) | 4.6 (2.8-7.6) |
| Abnormal vaginal epithelium | 23 (95.83) | 179 (95.72) | 623 (97.8) | .1730 | 0.5 (0.2-1.2) | |
| Strawberry cervix | 1 (4) | 4 (2.16) | 10 (1.57) | .3611 | 1.5 (0.5-4.5) | |
| Cervical friability | 9 (45) | 89 (51.15) | 226 (38.44) | .0114 | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | 1.7 (1.2-2.5) |
| Candida | 3 (11.54) | 27 (14.29) | 69 (10.73) | .3663 | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | |
| Genital ulcers | 1 (3.85) | 1 (0.53) | 6 (0.93) | .2831 | 1 (0.2-5) | |
| Trichomonas (wet mount) | 1 (3.85) | 8 (4.35) | 7 (1.1) | .0139 | 4 (1.5-11) | |
| Bacterial vaginosis (Amsel) | 5 (19.23) | 62 (32.8) | 95 (14.77) | <.0001 | 2.6 (1.8-3.7) | 2.1 (1.4-3.2) |
| Gonorrhea (PCR) | 4 (15.38) | 24 (12.9) | 6 (0.94) | <.0001 | 16 (6.5-39.2) | 14.9 (5.4-41.0) |
| Chlamydia (PCR) | 2 (7.69) | 14 (7.53) | 11 (1.73) | .0003 | 4.6 (2.1-10.2) | |
Abbreviations: AI, acute HIV infection; CI, confidence interval; EI, early HIV infection; N/A, not available; NCs, negative controls; OR, odds ratio; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; STI, sexually transmitted infection
a From Fisher exact test comparing AI + EI versus NCs.
b The OR and 95% CI for HIV-infected women with AI and EI combined versus HIV-seronegative women.
c Using backward selection approach to obtain variables in the final multivariable model.
d Reported symptoms since the last study visit.