Table 1.
Demographics and preoperative echocardiographic and laboratory measures in hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp (HNC) and standard therapy groups in patients with aortic stenosis (N = 97).
| Variable | N | HNC (N = 49) | N | Standard (N = 48) | STD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (yrs) | 49 | 70 ± 9 | 48 | 70 ± 11 | −0.01 |
| Gender, female | 49 | 13 (27) | 48 | 17 (35) | −0.19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 49 | 32 ± 9 | 48 | 29 ± 6 | 0.48 |
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| Medical history | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 | 13 (27) | 48 | 13 (27) | −0.01 |
| Heart failure | 49 | 8 (16) | 48 | 7 (15) | 0.05 |
| Hypertension | 49 | 12 (24) | 48 | 12 (25) | −0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 49 | 4 (8) | 48 | 4 (8) | −0.01 |
| Stroke | 49 | 3 (6) | 48 | 2 (4) | 0.09 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 49 | 7 (14) | 48 | 2 (4) | 0.36 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 49 | 0 (0) | 48 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Dialysis | 49 | 0 (0) | 48 | 0 (0) | 0 |
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| |||||
| Preoperative echocardiographic measurements | |||||
| LV longitudinal systolic strain (%) | 33 | −17.3 ± 3.2 | 40 | −16.8 ± 2.9 | −0.16 |
| LV longitudinal systolic strain rate (sec−1) | 33 | −0.8 ± 0.2 | 39 | −0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
| 3D LV ejection fraction | 29 | 58 ± 15 | 37 | 60 ± 8 | −0.15 |
| Aortic valve disease | |||||
| Peak transvalvular gradient (mmHg) | 49 | 84 ± 23 | 47 | 81 ± 20 | 0.14 |
| Mean transvalvular gradient (mmHg) | 49 | 50 ± 15 | 47 | 49 ± 14 | 0.10 |
| Dimensionless index | 49 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 48 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −0.29 |
| Aortic insufficiency, N (%) | 48 | 46 | −0.02 | ||
| 0 | 21 (44) | 19 (41) | |||
| 1 – 2+ | 23 (47) | 26 (57) | |||
| 3 – 4+ | 4 (8) | 1 (2) | |||
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| LV mass (g/m2) | 0.09 | ||||
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| Female | 12 | 112 ± 34 | 16 | 113 ± 39 | −0.02 |
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| Male | 35 | 144 ± 34 | 28 | 143 ± 40 | 0.02 |
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| End-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum (cm) | 47 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 47 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | −0.11 |
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| End-diastolic thickness of the posterior wall (cm) | 47 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 47 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
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| LV end-diastolic dimension (cm) | 47 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 44 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 0.41 |
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| Preoperative laboratory values | |||||
| Hematocrit (%) | 48 | 41 ± 3 | 48 | 40 ± 5 | 0.26 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 49 | 0.9 [0.8, 1.1] | 48 | 1.0 [0.8, 1.1] | −0.06 |
| NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL) | 44 | 321 [179, 717] | 39 | 288 [128, 948] | −0.01 |
Data is shown as N(%), mean ±SD, or median[IQR]. BMI =body mass index; LV =Left ventricle; NT-pro-BNP =N-terminal of prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; STD=standardized difference: the difference in means/proportions divided by the pooled standard deviation, with an absolute STD ≥ 0.40 considered as imbalanced ( ).