Table 3.
Factors associated with hallux valgus
| Hallux valgus n(%) | No hallux valgus n(%) | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted ORa (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 418 | 714 | - | - |
| Age, mean (SD) | 68.7 (11.8) | 63.6 (12.6) | 1.41b (1.27, 1.57) | 1.47b (1.26, 1.72) |
| Gender: | ||||
| Male | 313 (74.9) | 636 (89.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Female | 105 (25.1) | 78 (10.9) | 2.74 (1.98, 3.78) | 2.03 (1.31, 3.15) |
| Neighbourhood deprivation tertiles: | ||||
| Most deprived | 131 (31.3) | 219 (30.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mid-deprived | 148 (35.4) | 236 (33.1) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.41) | 0.97 (0.67, 1.40) |
| Least deprived | 139 (33.3) | 259 (36.3) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.48) |
| BMI (kg/m2): | ||||
| <25.0 | 83 (21.5) | 132 (19.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 171 (44.2) | 315 (45.9) | 0.86 (0.62, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) |
| 30.0–34.9 | 88 (22.7) | 162 (23.6) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.05) |
| ≥35.0 | 45 (11.6) | 77 (11.2) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.47) | 1.21 (0.68, 2.16) |
| Anxiety: | ||||
| None | 287 (74.0) | 534 (79.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Mild | 52 (13.4) | 82 (12.2) | 1.18 (0.81, 1.72) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.77) |
| Moderate | 29 (7.5) | 32 (4.8) | 1.69 (1.00 2.84) | 1.37 (0.60, 3.10) |
| Severe | 20 (5.2) | 25 (3.7) | 1.49 (0.81, 2.73) | 0.83 (0.31, 2.25) |
| Depression: | ||||
| None | 249 (68.0) | 489 (76.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Mild | 62 (16.9) | 82 (12.8) | 1.48 (1.03, 2.14) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.19) |
| Moderate | 23 (6.3) | 38 (5.9) | 1.19 (0.69, 2.04) | 1.33 (0.62, 2.87) |
| Moderately severe | 20 (5.5) | 18 (2.8) | 2.18 (1.13, 4.20) | 1.39 (0.52, 3.72) |
| Severe | 12 (3.3) | 13 (2.0) | 1.81 (0.82, 4.03) | 1.83 (0.53, 6.37) |
| Comorbidity: | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 73 (17.5) | 119 (16.7) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.06) |
| Hypertension | 279 (66.8) | 420 (58.8) | 1.41 (1.09, 1.81) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.17) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 192 (45.9) | 299 (41.9) | 1.18 (0.92, 1.50) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.62) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 86 (20.6) | 121 (17.0) | 1.26 (0.93, 1.73) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.33) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 35 (8.4) | 46 (6.4) | 1.33 (0.84, 2.10) | 1.14 (0.70, 2.18) |
| Gout characteristics: | ||||
| Duration, mean (SD) | 12.7 (12.9) | 11.4 (11.6) | 1.09c (0.98, 1.21) | 1.14c (0.99, 1.31) |
| Current attack | 54 (13.6) | 72 (10.4) | 1.34 (0.93, 1.97) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.82) |
| Number of attacks in last 12 months: | ||||
| 0 | 136 (34.3) | 244 (35.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1–2 | 152 (38.1) | 251 (36.8) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) | 1.06 (0.73, 1.54) |
| ≥3 | 109 (27.5) | 187 (27.4) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.43) | 1.12 (0.72, 1.75) |
| Oligo/polyarticular attacks | 159 (39.9) | 261 (38.0) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) |
| Current allopurinol use | 222 (56.5) | 379 (55.7) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.32) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.49) |
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, SD standard deviation
aOR adjusted for age, gender, deprivation, BMI, anxiety, depression, comorbidity and gout characteristics
bper 10-year increase in age
cper 10-year increase in duration of disease