Fig. 3.

Total biomass (A), stem height (B) and root to shoot ratio (C) of S. dulcamara plants at juvenile and mature developmental stages in control, shallow flooding and deep flooding treatments. Initial stem height and total biomass were 5·93±0·32 and 53·32±0·31 cm, and 0·12±0·01 and 2·91±0·15 g for juvenile and mature plants, respectively. The left y-axis refers to juvenile plants and the right y-axis to mature plants. Means±s.e. (n = 4 populations for each treatment) that do not share a letter are significantly different by a Tukey’s post-hoc test (P ≤ 0·05) within each developmental stage.