Table 3.
Estimates by randomized trial and pooled estimates for 10 dichotomous NFP program outcomes
| DOMAIN Community, Details of Measure, First Author (Year) | Control Cases | Yes (% or mean) | Treatment Cases | Yes (% or mean) | Relative Risk Decline | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Elmira, whites only, Olds et al. (1986) | 142 | 7.0% | 166 | 4.0% | 42.9% | [-48.7%, 78.0%] |
| Memphis, Kitzman et al. (1997) | 671 | 20.0% | 455 | 13.0% | 35.0% | [13.8%, 51.0%] |
| Pooled (p<.001) | 813 | 17.7% | 621 | 10.6% | 40.0% | [21.2%, 54.3%] |
| Preterm First Birth | ||||||
| Denver, Olds et al. (2002) | 237 | 10.1% | 222 | 10.4% | -2.3% | -[75.9%, 40.5%] |
| Elmira, includes nonwhites, M. Knudtson, personal communication (2013) | 160 | 7.5% | 192 | 7.3% | 2.8% | [-104.2%, 53.7%] |
| Louisiana, Sonnier et al. (2007) | 88 | 12.5% | 151 | 6.0% | 52.3% | [-10.5%, 79.4%] |
| Memphis, Kitzman et al. (1997) | 633 | 12.0% | 426 | 10.3% | 14.0% | [-22.1%, 39.4%] |
| Orange County, Nguyen et al. (2003) | 85 | 8.2% | 69 | 4.3% | 47.2% | [21.0%, 94.0%] |
| Best Estimate: 5 pooled US trials (p = .053) | 1203 | 10.8% | 1,060 | 8.8% | 18.8% | [-4.6%, 37.0%] |
| Netherlands, Mejdoubi et al. (2013) | 143 | 7.0% | 186 | 8.6% | -23.0% | [-162.9%, 42.4%] |
| All NFP 2005-07 vs US age-matched, NFP NSO (2014); National Center for Health Statistics (n.d.) | 13.3% | 9.3% | 30.1% | |||
| Oklahoma single birth very preterm <30 weeks, NFP vs other first time, Carabin et al. (2005)a | 8,598 | 0.7% | 55,737 | 0.9% | 27.1% | [4.7%, 44.3%] |
| Central Ohio, Allen et al. (2010) vs undescribed local comparison group | - | - | >220 | - | 37-45% | - |
| Mortality | ||||||
| Memphis thru age 9, Olds et al. (2007) (p=.08) | 489 | 2.04% | 217 | 0.46% | 77.5% | [-74.9%, 97.1%] |
| Memphis thru age 20, preventable-cause deaths, Olds et al. (2014b) (p=.04) | 489 | 1.84% | 217 | 0% | 100.0% | Cannot compute |
| Denver infant, Olds et al. (2004b) | 237 | 0.84% | 222 | 0.45% | 46.6% | [-484.6%, 95.1%] |
| Oklahoma, before age 1, NFP vs other first time, Carabin et al. (2005)a | 55,737 | 0.55% | 8,598 | 0.29% | 47.6% | [21.2%, 65.1%] |
| Oklahoma, unmarried, before age 1, NFP vs other first time, Carabin et al. (2005)b | 22,556 | - | 5,239 | - | 64% | [37%, 83%] |
| Oklahoma, mix of endpoints, ages between 1and 5, NFP vs other first time, Cox (2006)a | - | 0.82% | 12,474 | 0.34% | 58.7% | [44%, 70%] |
| Cincinnati, infant, NFP or a 2nd program vs other local, Donovan et al. (2007) | 2,145 | 2.10% | 715 | 0.70% | 66.7% | [16.5%, 86.7%] |
| Breastfeeding Attempted | ||||||
| Elmira, attempt, whites only, Olds et al. (1983) | 121 | 31.0% | 68 | 36.0% | 16.2% | [-23.1%, 75.8%] |
| Memphis, at 6 months, Kitzman et al. (1997) | 471 | 15.7% | 211 | 26.1% | 65.9% | [21.8%, 125,9%] |
| Pooled (p =.001) | 592 | 18.8% | 279 | 28.5% | 51.3% | [17.8%, 94.3%] |
| Netherlands attempt, Mejdoubi et al. (2014) | 109 | 78.0% | 158 | 82.3% | 5.5% | [-6.7%, 19.4%] |
| Netherlands at 6 months, Mejdoubi et al. (2014) | 108 | 5.6% | 156 | 13.5% | 142.3% | [1.1%, 480.4%] |
| NYC, attempt vs first-time Medicaid, NYC Dept of Health & Mental Hygiene (2013) | - | 86% | V | 91% | 5.8% | - |
| NYC, exclusive at 2 months, NYC Dept of Health & Mental Hygiene (2013) | - | 30% | - | 40% | 33.3% | - |
| All NFP in 2009, attempt, NFP NSO (2014) vs all WIC-eligible, Johnson et al. (2012) | 1,400,000 | 67.1% | 13,490 | 79.1% | 17.9% | - |
| Child Injury at Ages 0-2 | ||||||
| Elmira, 0-24 months, whites only, Olds et al. (1986) | 121 | 40.0% | 75 | 27.0% | 32.5% | [-3.9%, 56.2%] |
| Memphis, 0-24 months, unpublished 2006 reanalysis with improved statistical methods, D Olds, personal communication (2011) | 467 | 56.0% | 208 | 42.0% | 39.1% | [27.8%, 48.7%] |
| Louisiana, 0-15 months, Sonnier (2007) | 116 | 69.0% | 66 | 34.5% | 50.0% | [28.8%, 64.9%] |
| Pooled (p<.001) | 704 | 64.0% | 349 | 37.4% | 41.6% | [32.4%, 49.6%] |
| Pennsylvania, 0-24 months, ED-treated, Matone et al. (2012b) | 16,704 | 36.4% | 5,016 | 41.5% | -14.0% | [-9.7%, -18.5%] |
| Child Maltreatment | ||||||
| Elmira, ages 4-15 years, Eckenrode et al., 2000 | 184 | 73% | 116 | 44% | 39.7% | [22.8%, 53.0%] |
| Netherlands, 0-36 months, Mejdoubi et al. (2015) | 164 | 18.9% | 168 | 10.7% | 43.3% | [2.8%, 67.0%] |
| Second Birth Within 24 Months | ||||||
| Elmira low-income whites, Olds et al. (1988) | 52 | 39.0% | 25 | 10.8% | 72.2% | [10.0%, 91.4%] |
| Memphis, Kitzman et al. (1997) | 467 | 31.0% | 208 | 22.0% | 29.0% | [5.2%, 46.9%] |
| Denver, Olds et al. (2002) | 223 | 19.0% | 194 | 12.0% | 36.8% | [-0.01%, 60.4%] |
| Pooled (p<.001) | 742 | 28.0% | 427 | 16.8% | 39.9% | [23.5%, 52.7%] |
| Pennsylvania, 2000-2003, Rubin et al. (2010) | - | 18.9% | - | 19.3% | -9% | [-26%, 5%] |
| Pennsylvania, 2004-2005, Rubin et al. (2010) | - | 19.0% | - | 16.8% | 13% | [4%, 20%] |
| Abortion Within 48 Months | ||||||
| Elmira low-income whites, Olds et al. (1988) | 54 | 12.0% | 28 | 10.0% | 16.7% | [-213.6%, 77.9%] |
| Memphis, Kitzman et al. (2000) | 443 | 10.0% | 203 | 5.0% | 50.0% | [3.1%, 74.2%] |
| Denver, Olds et al. (2004b) | 220 | 5.2% | 204 | 4.9% | 5.7% | [-115.5%, 58.8%] |
| Pooled (p=.034) | 717 | 8.7% | 435 | 5.3% | 39.2% | [3.3%, 61.8%] |
| Intimate Partner Violence Through Age 4 | ||||||
| a. Denver, ages 0-6 mos, M. Knudtson, personal communication (2014) | 220 | 12.7% | 184 | 10.3% | 18.9% | [-40.4%, 53.1%] |
| b. Denver, ages 6-12 months, same source as a | 219 | 9.6% | 187 | 10.2% | -6.0% | [-91.0%, 41.2%] |
| c. Denver, ages 15-21 monthss, same source as a | 225 | 9.3% | 202 | 8.9% | 4.5% | [-74.0%, 47.6%] |
| d. Denver, age 4, Olds et al. (2004b) | 220 | 10.0% | 204 | 4.9% | 51.0% | [-0.1%,76.2%] |
| e. Denver pooled ages 0-4 | 884 | 10.4% | 777 | 8.5% | 18.4% | [-10.3%, 39.6%] |
| f. Memphis, ages 0-5, Olds et al. (2004a), recall-adjusted 6 month | 444 | 18.2% | 197 | 17.8% | 1.8% | [-21.1%. 20.4%] |
| g. Louisiana, ages 0-1, Nagle (2002) | 63 | 28.6% | 56 | 19.6% | 31.3% | [-32.8%, 64.4%] |
| Best US estimate per 6 months, ages 0-4; pool e, f, g (p=.036) | 1,391 | 13.7% | 1,030 | 10.9% | 20.6% | [1.1%, 36.1%] |
| Netherlands, ages 1-2, Mejdoubi et al. (2013), recall-adjusted 6 month | 223 | 37.7% | 237 | 22.4% | 40.5% | [22.8%, 54.1%] |
| All NFP, intake vs 36 weeks, NFP NSO (2014) | 83,313 | 2.9% | 83,313 | 1.8% | 37.9% | [33.9%. 41.8%] |
| Youth Arrests, Lifetime | ||||||
| Elmira, ages 11-19, Eckenrode et al. (2010) | 140 | 0.86 | 91 | 0.37 | 57.0% | [20%, 77%] |
Note: NS=Not significant - = Not reported
a
The control group had higher income and marriage rates. The article lacked data needed to combine its regression adjusted estimates. Looking across 4 subgroups, it seemed unlikely that preterm births declined.
b
Comparison group estimate regression-adjusted for equivalency.