Table 2.

Factors associated with reporting a non-fatal heroin/opioid overdose in the past six months (N=573)

	≥ 1 overdose in the past six months (n=45; 7.9% )		No overdoses in the past six months (n=528; 92.1%)
	n	%	n	%	p-value
Demographics
Age (mean, SD)	38	12	44	12	0.01
Male	29	64.4	388	73.6	0.22
Race/ethnicity					0.46
White	26	57.8	266	50.4
Hispanic/Latino	14	31.1	164	31.1
Other	5	11.1	98	18.6
Homeless past six months	35	77.8	315	59.7	0.02
Health care system encounters (past six months)
Received care in hospital	18	40.0	87	16.5	<0.001
Median number of times hospitalized (IQR; n=105)	2	1,3	1	1, 2	0.11
Received care in ED	24	53.3	176	33.5	0.01
Median number of times visited ED (IQR; n=198)	2	1, 2.3	2	1, 3	0.46
Received care in outpatient clinic	14	31.1	153	29.1	0.74
Median number of times visited outpatient clinic (IQR; n=167)	2	2, 5	3	1, 6	0.61
Used local SEP	17	37.8	219	41.5	0.75
Criminal justice system encounters (past six months)
Arrested	19	43.2	135	25.7	0.02
Arrested for drug possession	12	27.3	38	7.3	<0.001
Arrested for carrying unused syringes	2	4.5	10	1.9	0.24
Arrested for carrying used syringes	3	6.8	16	3	0.18
Police have confiscated syringes	7	16.3	45	8.5	0.10
Police presence caused hurried or rushed injection	18	40.9	133	25.3	0.03
Police presence has affected location of drug purchases	19	43.2	210	39.9	0.75
Police presence has affected location of drug use	19	43.2	200	38.0	0.52
Experience with police has affected access to new syringes	7	15.9	44	8.4	0.10
Somewhat/very fearful that police are going to arrest or interfere with drug use (vs. not at all fearful)	32	72.7	308	58.7	0.08
Currently on parole or probation	17	38.6	148	28.2	0.17
Currently have outstanding warrants for arrest	4	9.3	27	5.2	0.29

Note: statistical comparisons were made using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for frequencies, and Student’s T test and Wilcoxon Rank Sums test for means/medians.