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a: An intubated surf scoter prior to undergoing an ABR test, showing electrode and speaker placement. During testing, foam sheets were used to cover hard surfaces around the setup. b: Electrode placement on an intubated black scoter. Three electrodes were placed subdermally high on the bird’s forehead (active), directly behind the right ear canal (the ear ipsilateral to the speaker, reference), and behind the canal of the ear contralateral to stimulation (ground).
