Table 1.
Classification of AGEs
| Fluorescence and protein crosslinking | ||
|---|---|---|
| Fluorescent | Non-fluorescent | |
| Protein crosslinking | Pentosidine | Glucosepane |
| Crossline | ||
| MRX | ||
| Vesperlysine | ||
| Glyoxal-lysine dimmer | ||
| Methylglyoxal-lysine dimmer | ||
| GOLDIC | ||
| MOLDIC | ||
| Non crosslinking | CML | |
| CEL | ||
| Pyrraline | ||
| Argpyrimidine | ||
| MG-imidizolones | ||
| 3-DG-imidizolones | ||
| GA-pyridine | ||
| Oxidized substrate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Lipid peroxidation | Amino acid metabolism by myeloperoxidases | Carbohydrate and ascorbate |
| MDA | Glyoxal (non-specific) | Glyoxal |
| Hydroxynonenal | Methylglyoxal | Methylglyoxal |
| Acrolein (non-specific) | Acrolein (non-specific) | 3-DG (Fructose) |
| Glyoxal (non-specific) | Glycoaldehyde (non-specific) | Arabinose |
| Glycolaldehyde | ||
| Dehydroascorbate | ||
| Source/Synthesis pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| Class | Source or pathway | Important intermediate |
| AGEs 1 | Glucose direct, maillard reaction | Glucose |
| AGEs 2 | Glycolysis, fructose metabolism and polyol pathways | Glyceraldehyde (α-hydroxyaldehyde) |
| AGEs 3 | Maillard reaction Schiff bases | Glycolaldehyde |
| AGEs 4 | Glyceraldehyde (glycolysis intermediate triose) | Methylglyoxal (dicarbonyl) |
| AGEs 5 | Glucose and glycolaldehyde | Glyoxal (dicarbonyl) |
| AGEs 6 | Fructose (polyol pathway, dietary) | 3-DG (dicarbonyl) |
Typical advanced glycation end-products in three classification methods, by their fluorescent properties, the substrate from which it is derived and synthesis pathway.