Table 1.

Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, complications, and diabetes-related health maintenance at index (N, %)

	2008		2013
	Index year		Index year
	N=24 493		N=41 582
Variable	N	Per cent	N	Per cent	p Value
Male	12 802	52.3	20 852	50.1	<0.0001*
Race
Caucasian	18 907	79	31 251	75.2	<0.0001*
Black	3420	14.3	8189	19.7
Other	1616	6.7	2102	5.1
Missing	550		40
Smoking	8806	55.0	21 108	53.3	0.0002†
Flu shot last flu season	8008	32.7	16 137	38.8	<0.0001†
Pneumonia vaccine in past 10 years	12 969	51.8	25 673	61.7	<0.0001†
A1c
<7%	13 223	64.3	23 885	66.7	<0.0001†
7–7.9%	4326	21.1	6726	18.8
8–8.9%	1597	7.8	2679	7.5
>9%	1403	6.8	2521	7.0
Statin	16 427	67.1	28 503	68.5	<0.0001†
ASA	12 556	51.3	22 285	53.6	<0.0001†
ARB or ACE	17 001	69.4	28 741	69.1	0.0001†
GFR<60 mL/min‡	3978	18.8	5977	16.3	<0.0001†
Hypertension	20 208	82.5	36 250	87.2	<0.0001†
Retinopathy	790	3.2	1425	3.4	0.1146†
Nephropathy	6565	26.8	10 753	25.9	0.56†
Neuropathy	4770	19.5	7493	18.0	<0.0001†
Cerebrovascular disease	2374	9.7	3348	8.1	<0.0001†
Cardiovascular disease	6581	26.9	9273	22.3	<0.0001†
Peripheral vascular disease	1315	5.4	2049	4.9	<0.0001†

*Compared using Pearson's χ² test.

†Adjusted for sex, age, race, and income using generalized estimating equations.

‡GFR calculated via CKD-EPI.

ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.