Table 2.
Nicotine-induced alterations in expression of synaptic plasticity genes in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala of the HIV-1Tg rats. Genes exhibited significant alterations in the brain following chronic nicotine treatment in HIV-1Tg rats (p < 0.05 and fold ratio >20 %). Differential effects of nicotine on the gene expression determined by comparing the HIV-1Tg nicotine-treated group with HIV-1Tg saline group (Student’s t-test with Bonferroni correction)
| Signaling Pathway | Gene Name | Molecular Function | HIV-1Tg_Saline (Mean ± S.E.M) | HIV-1Tg_Nicotine (Mean ± S.E.M) | (HIV-1Tg_Saline/ HIV-1Tg_Nicotine) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hippocampus | ||||||
| Ionotropic glutamate receptor- mediated Ca+2 influx | Grin2a | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 1.0E-01 ± 3.4E-03 | 9.1E-2 ± 4.9E-03 | 0.86 | 0.04 |
| Grin2b | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 2.8E-01 ± 5.1E-03 | 2.2E-1 ± 1.2E-02 | 0.88 | 0.04 | |
| Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling | Camk4 | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 3.9E-02 ± 1.7E-03 | 3.2E-2 ± 1.9E-03 | 0.80 | 0.02 |
| Camk2g | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 2.5E-02 ± 5.8E-04 | 2.0E-02 ± 3.6E-04 | 0.80 | 0.03 | |
| PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling | Plcb4 | Phospholipase C activity | 3.9E-04 ± 3.8E-04 | 2.1E-04- ± 3.8E-03 | 0.52 | 0.007 |
| Itpr3 | Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity | 1.3E-03 ± 1.5E-04 | 8.9E-04 ± 9.0E-05 | 0.64 | 0.03 | |
| Itpr1 | Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity | 7.2E-02 ± 4.2E-03 | 6.0E-02 ± 1.5E-03 | 0.84 | 0.03 | |
| CREB signaling | Creb-2 (Atf4) | Transcription factor activity | 1.1E-02 ± 4.4E-04 | 8.3E-03 ± 4.2E-04 | 0.65 | 0.001 |
| Creb-1 | Transcription factor activity | 2.3E-02 ± 5.0E-04 | 3.4E-02 ± 1.8E-03 | 1.45 | 0.02 | |
| Cbp | Transcription factor activity | 3.3E-04 ± 2.5E-05 | 4.4E-04 ± 2.7E-05 | 1.34 | 0.01 | |
| Kinase signaling | Jnk1 | C-Jun N-terminal protein kinase | 1.2E-02 ± 5.2E-04 | 1.0E-02 ± 4.7E-04 | 0.85 | 0.04 |
| Mapk3 | MAP kinase activity | 7.2E-02 ± 6.5E-03 | 8.8E-02 ± 4.8E-03 | 1.22 | 0.03 | |
| Adcy1 | Adenylate cyclase activity | 2.5E-01 ± 1.4E-02 | 3.2E-01 ± 7.0E-03 | 1.28 | 0.004 | |
| Mapk1 | MAP kinase activity | 1.8E-01 ± 2.3E-02 | 2.4E-01 ± 4.2E-03 | 1.33 | 0.04 | |
| Map2k1 | MAP kinase activity | 1.6E-01 ± 7.8E-03 | 2.2E-01 ± 7.3E-03 | 1.37 | 0.005 | |
| Prkacb | Protein kinase A activity | 9.5E-02 ± 2.0E-03 | 1.4E-01 ± 4.2E-03 | 1.53 | 0.001 | |
| Kras | GTPase activity | 3.3E-02 ± 2.8E-03 | 5.3E-02 ± 3.2E-03 | 1.62 | 0.002 | |
| Immediate early gene response | Nurr | Transcription factor activity | 6.6E-03 ± 4.6E-04 | 8.2E-03 ± 5.6E-04 | 1.25 | 0.02 |
| Postsynaptic organization of synapse | Synpo | Actin binding | 4.9E-02 ± 2.5E-03 | 5.8E-02 ± 9.9E-04 | 1.14 | 0.04 |
| Gria2 | Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity (AMPA) | 1.6E-01 ± 2.1E-01 | 2.4E-01 ± 2.0E-02 | 1.55 | 0.03 | |
| Inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative signaling | Ccl2 | Chemokine activity | 1.2E-04 ± 1.3E-05 | 8.1E-5 ± 6.9E-06 | 0.63 | 0.02 |
| Prefrontal Cortex | ||||||
| Ionotropic glutamate receptor mediated Ca+2 influx | Grin2a | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 8.8E-02 ± 9.9E-03 | 5.1E-02 ± 2.9E-04 | 0.58 | 0.01 |
| Grin2c | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 1.0E-02 ± 8.2E-04 | 7.0E-03 ± 4.6E-04 | 0.64 | 0.001 | |
| Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling | Camk2b | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 0.1.7E-01 ± 1.0E-02 | 2.9E-01 ± 2.3E-03 | 1.67 | 0.004 |
| Camk4 | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 3.1E-02 ± 2.0E-03 | 5.3E-02 ± 9.3E-04 | 1.69 | 0.001 | |
| Cacna1i | Voltage–gated calcium channel activity | 1.7E-02 ± 1.0E-03 | 3.2E-02 ± 1.7E-03 | 1.82 | 0.003 | |
| Calm3 | Calcium ion binding | 6.0E-01 ± 1.1E-02 | 7.2E-01 ± 2.7E-02 | 1.14 | 0.01 | |
| PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling | Plcb3 | Phospholipase C activity | 2.2E-03 ± 2.4E-04 | 1.4E-03 ± 1.2E-04 | 0.65 | 0.01 |
| Itpr3 | Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity | 4.5E-03 ± 2.5E-04 | 3.7E-03 ± 2.1E-04 | 0.82 | 0.02 | |
| Kinase signaling | Map2k2 | MAP kinase activity | 1.3E-03 ± 7.5E-05 | 9.3E-04 ± 1.4E-05 | 0.67 | 0.005 |
| Map2k1 | MAP kinase activity | 9.4E-02 ± 5.2E-03 | 6.5E-01 ± 3.2E-03 | 0.69 | 0.002 | |
| Braf | MAP kinase kinase activity | 3.1E-01 ± 1.0E-03 | 2.3E-02 ± 1.1E-03 | 0.75 | 0.001 | |
| Mapk3 | MAP kinase activity | 5.4E-02 ± 2.1E-03 | 4.7E-02 ± 1.1E-03 | 0.86 | 0.04 | |
| Akt1 | Akt kinase activity | 3.4E-02 ± 1.6E-03 | 5.2E-02 ± 5.2E-03 | 1.55 | 0.04 | |
| CREB signaling | Crem | Transcription factor activity | 5.3E-03 ± 2.4E-04 | 3.8E-03 ± 4.1E-04 | 0.72 | 0.04 |
| Creb2 | Transcription factor activity | 1.5E-02 ± 8.5E-04 | 1.2E-02 ± 4.8E-04 | 0.83 | 0.03 | |
| Amygdala | ||||||
| Ionotropic glutamate receptor mediated Ca+2 influx | Grin2d | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 1.9E-02 ± 1.9E-03 | 1.4E-02 ± 1.0E-03 | 0.76 | 0.04 |
| Grin2b | Ionotropic glutamate receptor | 1.3E-01 ± 7.2E-03 | 1.0E-01 ± 7.3E-03 | 0.80 | 0.04 | |
| Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling | Cacna1g | Voltage–gated calcium channel activity | 1.7E-02 ± 5.0E-04 | 2.7E-02 ± 2.4E-03 | 1.59 | 0.006 |
| Camk2a | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 1.4E-01 ± 3.6E-01 | 2.4E-01 ± 1.7E-01 | 1.66 | 0.001 | |
| Camk4 | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity | 1.5E-02 ± 1.0E-03 | 2.6E-03 ± 3.4E-03 | 1.72 | 0.02 | |
| PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling | Plcb4 | Phospholipase C activity | 2.3E-02 ± 2.3E-03 | 1.5E-02 ± 2.7E-03 | 0.64 | 0.04 |
| Calm2 | Calcium ion binding | 7.4E-01 ± 2.8E-02 | 5.9E-01 ± 1.9E-02 | 0.80 | 0.02 | |
| Kinase signaling | Kras | GTPase activity | 4.1E-02 ± 2.8E-03 | 3.2E-03 ± 2.5E-03 | 0.77 | 0.04 |
| Prkacb | Protein kinase A activity | 1.5E-01 ± 8.3E-03 | 2.4E-01 ± 1.3E-03 | 1.55 | 0.001 | |
| CREB signaling | Cbp | Transcription factor activity | 3.3E-04 ± 2.5E-05 | 4.4E-04 ± 2.7E-05 | 1.34 | 0.01 |
| Immediate early gene response | Mmp-9 | Metallopeptidase activity | 7.1E-05 ± 1.2E-05 | 1.3E-04 ± 2.0E-05 | 1.82 | 0.03 |